RESUMO
Femoral head fractures occur almost exclusively as a result of a traumatic hip dislocation. Treatment is typically an emergency and includes the reduction of the dislocated hip under anesthesia. As a rule, the earlier the reduction, the better the outcome. Open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture of the femoral head is the treatment of choice for most young patients. In some selected cases when there is a very small fragment located in the region below the fovea, removal should be indicated. In elderly patients and those who experience severe femoral head impaction, it is preferable to perform a total hip replacement. Despite optimal management, the rate of complications after femoral head fractures may reach as high as 50%. In the present study, the authors review the general principles of management of patients with femoral head fractures.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: Bone block protrusion out of the tibial tunnel due to a relatively long graft is a common complication in anterior cruciate ligament surgical reconstruction with a patellar tendon. One possible solution is to shorten the patellar tendon graft already fixed in the femur by applying external rotation. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of shortening and biomechanical changes in porcine patellar grafts subjected to relatively higher degrees of rotation. Data obtained with rotations of 0°, 540°, 720°, and 900° were compared. METHODS: Forty patellar porcine ligaments were subjected to biomechanical tests of degree of shortening, modulus of elasticity and maximum tension in the tendon before rupture. Tests were conducted using a universal mechanical testing machine and a computerized system for acquiring strength and deformation data. RESULTS: Progressive shortening of the patellar ligament occurred with rotations of 0°, 540° and 720°. However, the degree of shortening showed no statistically significant difference as rotation increased from 720° to 900°. Decreased modulus of elasticity was observed compared with the graft rotation at 0° in all groups tested, but no statistically significant differences were observed among 540°, 720° and 900°. The maximum tension of the patellar tendon showed no change before rupture, regardless of the degree of rotation. CONCLUSIONS: Rotating the patellar tendon is an efficient method for shortening a relatively long graft; however, more biomechanical studies are necessary to recommend this technique in clinical practice owing to the resulting decrease in graft stiffness that could compromise knee stability.
Assuntos
Reconstrução do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/métodos , Ligamento Patelar/transplante , Animais , Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/cirurgia , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Elasticidade , Fêmur/cirurgia , Patela/cirurgia , Rotação , Suínos , Resistência à Tração , Tíbia/cirurgiaRESUMO
As fraturas atípicas do fêmur são raras, mas sua crescente descrição na literatura e sua provável associação com os bifosfonatos trouxeram à tona uma série de aspectos ainda nebulosos no tocante ao uso contínuo dessas drogas. O protocolo mais sugerido atualmente, embora ainda não totalmente estabelecido, orienta a retirada da medicação após três a cinco anos de uso contínuo dos bifosfonatos, retornando cerca de três anos depois, quando houver necessidade
Atypical femur fractures are rare but a growing concern, as they are more common in patients who use long-term bisphosphonates. This brought to light a number of issues still unknown regarding the continued use of these drugs. Nowadays the most suggested protocol, although not yet fully esbablished, considers not more than three to five years of bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporotic patients, returning about three years later, when the need arises