RESUMO

The iron mine tailings accumulation in dams is an environmental and economic problem. The composite based on high-density polyethylene/iron mine tailing production for the application of wood plastic and some items of domestic plastic industry can be a good alternative to reduce the rejects in the environment. This work presents the influence of the processing methodology in the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of composites based on the high-density polyethylene/iron mine tailing. Four methodology processing by continuous and/or batch mixing were available. The iron mine tailing particles in the polymer matrix promoted an increase in mechanical strength and thermal stability. Besides, the particles acted as flame retardant. The iron mine tailing materials produced using batch mixing showed more significant modifications in the properties due to the better dispersion of the filler as shown by scanning electron microscopy.

RESUMO

In this work, iron oxide in the red mud (RM) waste was restructured to produce mesopores with surface [FeO x (OH) y ] sites for the efficient complexation/adsorption of ß-lactam antibiotics. Red mud composed mainly by hematite was restructured by an acid/base process followed by a thermal treatment at 150-450 °C (MRM150, MRM200, MRM300, and MRM450) and fully characterized by Mössbauer, XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM, CHN, and thermogravimetric analyses. The characterization data showed a highly dispersed Fe3+ oxyhydroxy phase, which was thermally dehydrated to a mesoporous α-Fe2O3 with surface areas in the range of 141-206 m2 g-1. These materials showed high efficiencies (21-29 mg g-1) for the adsorption of ß-lactam antibiotics, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and ceftriaxone, and the data was better fitted by the Langmuir model isotherm (R 2 = 0.9993) with monolayer adsorption capacity of ca. 39 mg g-1 for amoxicillin. Experiments such as competitive adsorption in the presence of phosphate and H2O2 decomposition suggested that the ß-lactamic antibiotics might be interacting with surface [FeO x (OH) y ] species by a complexation process. Moreover, the OH/Fe ratio, BET surface area and porosity indicated that this complexation is occurring especially on [FeO x (OH) y ]surf sites contained in the mesopore space.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this study, a multistage treatment system was proposed to treat real pharmaceutical wastewater containing the antibiotic amoxicillin. Ozonation (O3), and ozonation combined with aerobic biodegradation, were performed. The real pharmaceutical wastewater presented a high concentration of organic matter (TOC: 803 mg C·L-1 and COD: 2775 mg O2·L-1), significant amoxicillin content (50 mg L-1) and acute ecotoxicity (Aliivibrio fischeri aTU: 48.22). Ozonation proved to be effective for amoxicillin degradation (up to 99%) and the results also indicated the removal of the original colour of the wastewater, with average consumption of 1 g of ozone. However, the ozonation system alone could not achieve complete mineralization. Therefore, a combination of ozonation and biodegradation in a multistage system was proposed in order to improve cost and treatment efficiency. The multistage treatment system presented promising results, achieving degradation of more than 99% of the amoxicillin, more than 98% of the original chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 90% of initial toxicity, with the consumption of approximately 500 mg of ozone. This indicates that this system could prevent dangerous and biorecalcitrant antibiotics from entering water resources.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this work, [FeOx(OH)y]/Al2O3 composites with different Fe oxyhydroxy contents, i.e. 10, 20 and 50wt% treated at 150, 200, 300 and 450°C were investigated as adsorbents of ß-lactamic antibiotics, i.e. cephalexin, ceftriaxone and especially amoxicillin, from aqueous solutions. The obtained results showed that the nature of the surface Fe(3+) species play a fundamental role on the adsorption process. The most efficient adsorption was obtained for the sample 150Fe50A (50% [FeOx(OH)y] supported in Al2O3 treated at 150°C) whereas the thermal treatment at higher temperatures caused a strong decrease on the adsorption capacity. Mössbauer, XRD, FTIR, Raman, TG-MS, SEM, CHN and BET of the composite 150Fe50A suggested an approximate composition of FeO0.65(OH)1.7 whereas at 450°C strong dehydroxylation process takes place to form FeO1.4(OH)0.21. These results combined with competitive adsorption using amoxicillin mixed with phosphate or H2O2 suggest that the antibiotic molecules adsorb by complexation on surface sites likely based on FeOx(OH)y by the replacement of the labile OH ligands.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Amphiphilic magnetic composites were produced based on chrysotile mineral and carbon structures by chemical vapor deposition at different temperatures (600-900 °C) and cobalt as catalyst. The materials were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, adsorption and desorption of N2, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, and thermal analysis showed an effective growth of carbon structures in all temperatures. It was observed that at 800 and 900 °C, a large amount of carbon structures are formed with fewer defects than at 600 and 700 °C, what contributes to their stability. In addition, the materials present magnetic phases that are important for their application as catalysts and adsorbents. The materials have shown to be very active to remove the oil dispersed in a real sample of emulsified wastewater from biodiesel production and to remove methylene blue by adsorption and oxidation via heterogeneous Fenton mechanism.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this work, unique amphiphilic magnetic hybrid carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are synthesized and used as tensioactive nanostructures in different applications. These CNTs interact very well with aqueous media due to the hydrophilic N-doped section, whereas the undoped hydrophobic one has strong affinity for organic molecules. The amphiphilic character combined with the magnetic properties of these CNTs opens the door to completely new and exciting applications in adsorption science and catalysis. These amphiphilic N-doped CNTs can also be used as powerful tensioactive emulsification structures. They can emulsify water/organic mixtures and by a simple magnetic separation the emulsion can be easily broken. We demonstrate the application of these CNTs in the efficient adsorption of various molecules, in addition to promoting biphasic processes in three different reactions, i.e. transesterification of soybean oil, quinoline extractive oxidation with H2O2 and a metal-catalyzed aqueous oxidation of heptanol with molecular oxygen.

RESUMO

A unique bistable copper-metallacyclic complex is used as an elegant molecular switch for the reversible formation of emulsions by simple pH variation. This switch may have several exciting applications in biphasic processes such as catalysis and separation science technologies.

RESUMO

In this work, chrysotile was used as support to grow carbon nanotubes and nanofibers to produce fibrous amphiphilic magnetic nanostructured composites. Iron impregnated on the chrysotile surface at 1, 5 and 15 wt% was used as catalyst to grow carbon nanostructures by CVD (chemical vapor deposition) with ethanol at 800°C. Raman, TG/DTA, Mössbauer, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, elemental analyses and contact angle measurements suggested the formation of a complex amphiphilic material containing up to 21% of nanostructured hydrophobic carbon supported on hydrophilic Mg silicate fibers with magnetic Fe cores protected by carbon coating. Adsorption tests for the hormone ethynilestradiol (EE), a hazardous water contaminant, showed remarkable adsorption capacities even compared to high surface area activated carbon and multiwall carbon nanotubes. These results are discussed in terms of the hydrophobic surface of the carbon nanotubes and nanofibers completely exposed and accessible for the adsorption of the EE molecules combined with the hydrophilic Mg silicate surface which allows good dispersion in water. The composites are magnetic and after adsorption the dispersed particles can be removed by a simple magnetic process. Moreover, the fibrous composites can be conformed as threads, screens and pellets to produce different filtering media.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this work, it is demonstrated how a novel technique based on temperature-programmed chemical vapor deposition (TPCVD) can be used to investigate the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from methane on a classic catalyst FeMo(x)/MgO (x = 0.07, 0.35 and 1.00). TPCVD monitors carbon deposition by measuring H2 formed during CH4 decomposition and affords information on the different catalytic species, deactivation process, reaction kinetics and carbon yields. The obtained results showed for FeMgO catalyst a simple TPCVD peak related to the production of carbon beginning at 760 degrees C with maximum at 800 degrees C followed by a rapid deactivation resulting in a low carbon yield. The addition of Mo to Fe/MgO catalyst completely changes the TPCVD profile with the formation of a new catalytic species active at temperatures higher than 900 degrees C, which is stable and continuously decomposes CH4 to produce high carbon yields. Raman, TG/DTG, Mössbauer, SEM, TEM, XRD and TPR analyses suggested that this active catalytic phase is likely related to Fe-Mo and Fe-Mo-C phases active to produce single wall and mainly multiwall carbon nanotubes.

RESUMO

In this work, hybrid magnetic amphiphilic composites were prepared by the catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanofibers CNF on layered silicates fragments. SEM, TEM, Raman, XRD, Mössbauer, TG/DTA showed that CVD with CH(4) at 800°C produced CNF and magnetic Fe cores fixed on the surface of microfragments of silicates layers. Due to the amphiphilic character, the composites can be easily dispersed in water and efficiently adsorb hydrophobic contaminant molecules. For example, the composites showed remarkable adsorption capacities for the hormone ethinylestradiol, e.g. 2-4 mg m(-2), compared to ca. 0.1 mg m(-2) obtained for high surface area activated carbon and multiwall CNT. These results are discussed in terms of a high hydrophobic exposed surface area of the CNT and CNF fixed on the layered silicates fragments surface. Moreover, the composites can be easily removed from water by a simple magnetic separation process.

Assuntos