RESUMO
Back pain has long been considered an uncommon complaint in the pediatric population. When present, teaching had been that pediatric back pain almost always has a diagnosable cause, many of which are progressive and potentially debilitating. Recent evidence has suggested that pediatric back pain is not only more common than once thought but also, within certain populations, benign and idiopathic. This, in turn, places an increasing amount of pressure on pediatricians to accurately assess and manage their patients presenting with complaints of back pain. The aim of this article is to serve as a review of the current literature on pediatric back pain. The article reviews the epidemiology, basic anatomy, and important elements of a history and examination, which should be considered when a child presents complaining of back pain. Last, a common differential diagnosis with evaluation and management is also given to help guide pediatricians through their medical decision making.
Assuntos
Dor nas Costas/etiologia , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Dorso/anatomia & histologia , Dor nas Costas/epidemiologia , Dor nas Costas/terapia , Criança , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Anamnese , Exame Físico , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/complicações , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/terapia , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/complicações , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Coluna Vertebral/anatomia & histologia , Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Youth athletics can provide numerous benefits to children. Until recently, athletics have been relatively free from scrutiny over the ways they put participants at risk. While it was often disregarded in early childhood research, athletics emerged as an avenue of child abuse in the 1980s. Individual cases reporting maltreatment of children participating in sports certainly existed, but these were felt to be single instances, not sentinel events. By the 1990s a small body of research had been established showing a pattern of abuse, spurring sporting organizations and governing bodies to assess their own policies and produce rough standards for safeguarding children against abuse. While multiple strides have been taken, there still exist gaps in knowledge surrounding abuse of child and adolescent athletes. This article reviews the scope and prevalence of abuse in youth athletics, definitions and what ultimately constitutes "abuse," the unique aspects of abuse in sport, and recognition and preventative efforts.