RESUMO
Major emergency efforts are being mounted for each vector-borne disease epidemiological crisis anew, while knowledge about the biology of arthropods vectors is dwindling slowly but continuously, as is the number of field entomologists. The discrepancy between the rates of production of knowledge and its use and need for solving crises is widening, in particular due to the highly differing time spans of the two concurrent processes. A worldwide web based search using multiple key words and search engines of onsite and online courses in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and German concerned with the biology of vectors identified over 140 courses. They are geographically and thematically scattered, the vast majority of them are on-site, with very few courses using the latest massive open online course (MOOC) powerfulness. Over two third of them is given in English and Western Africa is particularity poorly represented. The taxonomic groups covered are highly unbalanced towards mosquitoes. A worldwide unique portal to guide students of all grades and levels of expertise, in particular those in remote locations, is badly needed. This is the objective a new activity supported by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR).
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Vetores de Doenças , Entomologia/educação , Controle de Insetos , Insetos Vetores , Ensino/estatística & dados numéricos , África , Ásia , Bovinos , América Central , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Educação a Distância/estatística & dados numéricos , Entomologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Júpiter , Idioma , América do Norte , América do SulRESUMO
Major emergency efforts are being mounted for each vector-borne disease epidemiological crisis anew, while knowledge about the biology of arthropods vectors is dwindling slowly but continuously, as is the number of field entomologists. The discrepancy between the rates of production of knowledge and its use and need for solving crises is widening, in particular due to the highly differing time spans of the two concurrent processes. A worldwide web based search using multiple key words and search engines of onsite and online courses in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and German concerned with the biology of vectors identified over 140 courses. They are geographically and thematically scattered, the vast majority of them are on-site, with very few courses using the latest massive open online course (MOOC) powerfulness. Over two third of them is given in English and Western Africa is particularity poorly represented. The taxonomic groups covered are highly unbalanced towards mosquitoes. A worldwide unique portal to guide students of all grades and levels of expertise, in particular those in remote locations, is badly needed. This is the objective a new activity supported by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR).
Assuntos
Vetores de Doenças , Entomologia/educação , Controle de Insetos , Insetos Vetores , Ensino/estatística & dados numéricos , África , Animais , Ásia , Bovinos , América Central , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Educação a Distância/estatística & dados numéricos , Entomologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Idioma , América do Norte , América do SulRESUMO
The mycolyl transferase antigen 85 complex is a major secreted protein family from mycobacterial culture filtrate, demonstrating powerful T cell stimulatory properties in most HIV-negative, tuberculin-positive volunteers with latent M.tuberculosis infection and only weak responses in HIV-negative tuberculosis patients. Here, we have analyzed T cell reactivity against PPD and Ag85 in HIV-infected individuals, without or with clinical symptoms of tuberculosis, and in AIDS patients with disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Whereas responses to PPD were not significantly different in HIV-negative and HIV-positive tuberculin-positive volunteers, responses to Ag85 were significantly decreased in the HIV-positive (CDC-A and CDC-B) group. Tuberculosis patients demonstrated low T cell reactivity against Ag85, irrespective of HIV infection, and finally AIDS patients suffering from NTM infections were completely nonreactive to Ag85. A one-year follow-up of twelve HIV-positive tuberculin-positive individuals indicated a decreased reactivity against Ag85 in patients developing clinical tuberculosis, highlighting the protective potential of this antigen.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/imunologia , Aciltransferases/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Tuberculose/imunologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Bélgica , Guiana Francesa , HIV/fisiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Memória Imunológica , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/complicações , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Teste Tuberculínico , Tuberculose/complicações , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/complicações , Tuberculose Pulmonar/imunologiaRESUMO
Cutaneous leishmaniasis, leprosy, and tuberculosis are caused by intracellular pathogens whose development depends on impaired cell-mediated immunity. We report an exceptional triple association of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, lepromatous leprosy, and pulmonary tuberculosis in a man with no recognized immunodeficiency. Normal immunological assessment of the interferon-gamma pathway does not support the hypothesis of a genetic defect in any of the genes involved in the T helper (Th)-1 cytokine cascade in this patient. Unresponsiveness to interleukin (IL)-12 of his T cells after stimulation with Leishmania guyanensis, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin, and Mycobacterium leprae antigens suggested the inability to mount an appropriate Th cell response to upregulate the IL-12 receptor expression.