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Antecedentes: Existe un aumento sostenido de la prevalencia de trastornos mentales en estudiantes universitarios, situación agudizada por la pandemia por COVID-19. Objetivo: Caracterizar la sintomatología de salud mental y el bienestar psicológico en un grupo de universitarios chilenos y explorar cambios en su situación durante el año académico en pandemia. Metodología: Diseño longitudinal, con dos mediciones utilizando un conjunto de instrumentos validados incluidos en un sistema de seguimiento del bienestar psicológico estudiantil (SIS-BP) disponible en una plataforma en línea. La muestra, de 1176 estudiantes, no probabilística, fue obtenida por participación voluntaria. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias entre las administraciones, mostrando que, junto con producirse deterioro de la salud mental y el bienestar psicológico, también se desarrollan procesos de fortalecimiento de capacidades. Conclusión: Se destaca la importancia de acciones institucionales oportunas para sostener la trayectoria estudiantil frente al impacto de situaciones de emergencia en la salud mental de esta población.

Background: There is a sustained increase in the prevalence of mental disorders in college students, a situation exacerbated in 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives. To characterize the symptoms of mental health and psychological well-being in Chilean college students and to explore changes in the situation of students throughout the academic year during the pandemic. Methodology: A longitudinal survey design was used, with two measurements using a set of validated instruments included in a student psychological well-being monitoring system (SIS-BP), available on an online platform. The non-probabilistic sample of 1176 students were obtained by voluntary participation. Results: Differences were found between the administrations, showing that, along with the deterioration of mental health and psychological well-being, capacity building processes are also developed. Conclusion: The importance of timely institutional actions to sustain the trajectory of its students in the face of the impact of emergency situations on the mental health of this population is highlighted.

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La relevancia y la utilización cada vez más creciente de la plataforma social Facebook como una inminente herramienta educacional ha abierto alternativas para nuevos escenarios, en este contexto la investigación tuvo por objetivo explorar los usos de Facebook de estudiantes universitarios en su interacción con actividades académicas. Se utilizó una metodología de enfoque cualitativo. Respecto al procedimiento de recolección, se realizó triangulación de información a través de entrevistas en profundidad y grupos de discusión, en donde participaron estudiantes universitarios de 18 a 20 años de edad. Para el análisis de datos se usó el modelo adaptado de Hiles y Cermak, utilizando la perspectiva de contenidos categóricos. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes utilizan Facebook para seleccionar y direccionar el flujo de información, crear espacios de trabajo y cooperación, intercambiar recursos educativos y estar permanentemente actualizados. Además, los resultados muestran la valoración de los estudiantes y la influencia docente para el uso de esta plataforma. En cuanto a las conclusiones y discusiones, se resalta la proyección de abarcar nuevos escenarios de aprendizaje y estrategias vanguardistas que coexistan y nutran a la educación tradicional. Asimismo, se subraya el rol estudiantil protagonista en los usos y una valoración importante respecto de las múltiples ventajas que se perciben. Por último, se destaca la importancia de incorporar formalmente herramientas online para la satisfacción de necesidades y demandas permanentes en el ámbito educativo universitario.

The relevant and increasing use of Facebook social media as a prospect educational tool has put forward new choices for new settings. On this context, the present study objective is to explore how university students use Facebook in their academic activities interaction. The qualitative approach methodology was used. Concerning the data collection procedure, the information was triangulated by means of deep interviews and focus groups with the participation of 18 to 20 year-old university students. The Hiles and Cermark adapted model was used for the data analysis, by using the perspective of contents and categories. Results show that students use Facebook to select and direct the information flow, create rooms for cooperative work, exchange learning resources and to be permantently updated. Also, they show the value students give and the influence teachers have on using this social platform. Regarding conclusions, it is worthy to outstand the projection to reach new settings for avant-gard learning strategies to contribute and coexist with traditional education. Simultaneously, it is outstanding the students leading role in the use and value on the multiple benefits they perceive from this social platform. Lastly, it must be highlighted the importance of including online tools to meet the permanent needs and requirements on the university education area.

A relevância e o uso crescente da plataforma social Facebook como ferramenta educacional eminente, abre alternativas para novos cenários, neste contexto a pesquisa teve como objetivo explorar os uso do Facebook por estudantes universitários em sua interação com atividades acadêmicas. Foi utilizada uma metodologia de abordagem qualitativa. Quanto ao procedimento de coleta, as informações foram trianguladas por meio de entrevistas em profundidade e grupos de discussão, dos quais participaram universitários entre 18 e 20 anos. Para análise dos dados, foi utilizado o modelo adaptado de Hiles e Cermak, utilizando a perspectiva de conteúdo categórico. Os resultados indicam que os alunos utilizam o Facebook para selecionar e direcionar o fluxo de informações, criar espaços de trabalho e cooperação, trocar recursos educacionais e atualizar-se permanentemente. Além disso, os resultados mostram a avaliação dos alunos e a influência do ensino para o uso desta plataforma. Quanto às conclusões e discussões, destaca-se a projeção de abranger novos cenários de aprendizagem e estratégias de vanguarda que convivem e nutrir a educação tradicional. Da mesma forma, destaca-se o protagonismo dos alunos na utilização e uma importante avaliação das múltiplas vantagens que se percebem. Por fim, destaca-se a importância da incorporação formal de ferramentas online para atender as necessidades e demandas permanentes no campo educacional universitário.

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Abstract The role of people's beliefs in their perception of disasters has been scarcely studied. This study, we analyzed how people who experienced an earthquake and a subsequent tsunami employ subjective theories (ST) to explain their traumatic experience. This study aimed to interpret the explanations developed by a group of people about the earthquake and tsunami that took place in Chile in 2015. Thirteen episodic interviews were conducted as part of a qualitative case study. The participants' theories were grouped into four categories: the impact of personality on one's reaction to hardships; the existence of a link between personality and coping styles; the limited influence of personality on one's way of coping with difficulties; and changes in personality after experiencing hardships. These findings are discussed analyzing whether the participants' explanations could foster personal growth and psychological well-being after the catastrophe.

Resumen El rol de las creencias en la experiencia del desastre ha sido poco investigado. En este estudio se analizó cómo personas que experimentaron un terremoto y posterior tsunami, utilizan teorías subjetivas (TS) para explicar la experiencia traumática. El propósito de este estudio fue interpretar las explicaciones que algunas personas elaboraron respecto al terremoto y tsunami vivido en la zona norte de Chile el año 2015. Se realizaron trece entrevistas episódicas, en el marco de un estudio de caso con metodología cualitativa. Como hallazgos interesantes de las teorías surgen cuatro categorías: implicancias de la personalidad en la reacción ante dificultades; existencia de relación entre personalidad y estilo de afrontamiento; poca importancia de la personalidad al momento de afrontar dificultades, y cambio en la personalidad luego de experimentar una dificultad. Estos hallazgos se discuten analizando si estas explicaciones podrían favorecer -o no- el crecimiento y bienestar psicológico posterior a la catástrofe.

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Chile has established hybrid policies for the administrative distribution of its educational establishments, leading to significant gaps in educational results and school conditions between public, mixed, and private schools. As a result, there are high levels of segregation, and social and economic vulnerability that put public schools at a disadvantage, affecting their image and causing a constant decrease in enrollment. An abbreviated version of Luhtanen and Crocker's (1992) collective self-esteem scale was adapted and validated for the Chilean educational context because of its usefulness in studying processes of social segregation and cultural coherence, seeking to identify student perception about the appreciation of school actions in the context of belonging and identification with schools, in order to compare between groups according to types of establishment and assess the effects of school conditions on the perception of students. A representative sample of Chilean secondary students between 9th and 12th grades participated (n = 3635, 52.8% women, average age 15.9 years, SD = 1.1). Descriptive analyses, comparison of means between groups, confirmatory factorial analyses, and multi-group analyses were conducted to test the adjustment and invariance of the unifactorial structure of a reduced version of four items. The results indicated that the scale satisfactorily complies with the proposed adjustment indexes, presents total invariance by gender and partial invariance by administrative dependence, and allows establishing statistically significant differences in the collective self-esteem, indicating a higher score for students in the private system, and a lower score for those in the public system. These results show the negative effects of high school segregation on students' collective self-esteem, affecting the appreciation of personal, collective, and institutional activities and the sense of belonging. Although previous research has explored some of the effects of school segregation, the present study focuses on collective self-esteem, which is closely related to identity and belonging, and allows for further innovative research on school segregation. The scale is useful as an instrument for researching social conditions of student well-being, in regards to educational management.

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Research on epistemic beliefs has been hampered by lack of validated models and measurement instruments. The most widely used instrument is the Epistemological Questionnaire, which has been criticized for validity, and it has been proposed a new instrument based in the Epistemological Questionnaire: the Epistemic Belief Inventory. The Spanish-language version of Epistemic Belief Inventory was applied to 1,785 Chilean high school students. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in independent subsamples were performed. A three factor structure emerged and was confirmed. Reliability was comparable to other studies, and the factor structure was invariant among randomized subsamples. The structure that was found does not replicate the one proposed originally, but results are interpreted in light of embedded systemic model of epistemological beliefs.

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BACKGROUND: Traumatic experiences, such as natural disasters, produce multiple and serious impacts on people. Despite the traditional focus on negative consequences, in many cases there are also positive consequences, such as posttraumatic growth. Tedeschi and Calhoun proposed a model of posttraumatic growth that emphasizes the role of rumination after the basic beliefs breakdown due to the occurrence of a traumatic experience. METHOD: A total of 238 volunteers affected by two major earthquakes and tsunami alerts in northern Chile on April 1 and 2, 2014, responded to an online survey measuring subjective severity, basic beliefs change, social share of emotion, rumination, posttraumatic stress, and posttraumatic growth. RESULTS: Path analyses reveal that posttraumatic stress goes through a negative change in basic beliefs, intrusive rumination, and deliberated rumination, meanwhile posttraumatic growth is only achieved directly from a positive change in basic beliefs and deliberated rumination. DISCUSSION: The model is consistent with the empirical model obtained in Chilean people affected by the earthquake and tsunami that occurred on 27 February, 2010, but it is slightly different and in a form that is more consistent with Tedeschi and Calhoun's theoretical model. Both models remark on the role of deliberated rumination in posttraumatic growth and failure to progress from intrusive to deliberated rumination in posttraumatic stress, but the proposed one is more parsimonious and assumes subjective severity as an antecedent to basic belief changes. These conclusions must be considered in light of limitations that a cross-sectional design and the correlational nature of the statistical analysis carried out impose. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ARTICLE: Role of subjective severity, change of basic beliefs, social sharing of emotion, and rumination on posttraumatic stress and growth were modeled from responses of people affected by the April 1-2, 2014, northern Chilean earthquakes. Posttraumatic stress goes through negative changes in basic beliefs, intrusive rumination, and deliberated rumination. Posttraumatic growth is achieved from positive changes in basic beliefs and deliberated rumination. Deliberated rumination and moving from intrusive to deliberated rumination appear as cornerstones in posttraumatic processing.

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Mediante un diseño de investigación descriptivo correlacional se exploran las relaciones entre bienestar psicológico (BP), prácticas docentes con efectos motivacionales orientadas al aprendizaje (PDEM-A) y clima mo-tivacional de clase orientado al aprendizaje (CMC-A), en un grupo de 46 profesores y 1.266 estudiantes. Las medias de las tres variables se ubicaron significativamente por sobre el punto central del rango de respuestas. Se encontró correlación significativa entre BP y PDEM-A r(46) = 0.61, p = 0.01; y no hubo relación entre PDEM-A y CMC-A ni entre BP y CMC-A. Considerar el BP del profesor puede ser relevante para facilitar su disposición hacia las PDEM-A, aunque la relación de estas prácticas con la percepción de los alumnos debe considerarse con mayor detalle.

Relationships between psychological well-being (PWB), learning-oriented motivational teaching practices (LMTP) and learning- oriented motivational classroom climate (LMCC) was explored using co-relational design, in 46 teachers and 1,266 students. The means of the three variables were significantly located above the central point of the response range. Correlation was found between PWB and LMTP r(46) = 0.61, p < 0.01, but there was no significant relationship between LMTP and LMCC, nor LMCC and PWB. To take into account teachers PWB could be relevant to facilitate their disposition toward LMTP, although the relationship of these practices with student's perceptions should be considered in more detail.

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Objetivo: Determinar si las sobrecargas objetivas sobre familiares cuidadores de pacientes esquizofrénicos inciden en un menor nivel de apoyo a dichos pacientes. Materiales y métodos: Se encuestó a 61 familiares adultos responsables del cuidado de pacientes esquizofrénicos, a través de una entrevista personal. La encuesta evaluó tanto las cargas objetivas agregadas a la familia al asumir el cuidado del paciente como el apoyo que la familia le brinda. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la mayor parte de las familias entrega un alto grado de apoyo al paciente, al mismo tiempo que las cargas objetivas que se agregan a la familia son de nivel moderado. Se encontró una correlación negativa significativa, que explica un 12% de la varianza entre ambas variables. Conclusión: Se concluye que efectivamente una mayor carga familiar se asocia con un menor nivel de apoyo a los pacientes.

Objective: The aim of this work was to determine if objective charges decreasing the sup-port the relatives in charge give to their schizophrenic patient. Materials and method: A survey was applied as an interview to 61 adults, who was in charge of care of schizophrenic patient. The survey evaluated the objective charges added to the family when assuming the patient's care, as well the support that the family offers him. Results: Results showed that most of the relatives gives high level of support to the pa-tient, at the same time that objective charges added to the family are moderate. There was a significant negative correlation explaining 12% of the variance among both variables. Conclusion: It is concluded that a bigger load family is associated with a smaller support level to the patients.

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Las creencias epistemológicas tendrían un carácter multinivel: general, académico y disciplinar. Sin embargo, el contexto ha sido considerado de manera general y poco precisa. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer diferencias en la comprensión epistemológica a través de los niveles, considerando el rol del contexto. En un diseño intrasujetos, se evaluó la comprensión epistemológica en cada uno de los tres niveles, en contexto pedagógico y en contexto social-informal, a cuatro grupos de 85 participantes con distinta proximidad al contexto pedagógico. Los resultados confirman diferencias entre creencias en los niveles general y académico y general o disciplinar, pero no entre los niveles académico y disciplinar. La influencia del contexto y la proximidad al mismo fueron confirmadas, pero de manera inesperada.

Multilayer nature in personal epistemology, with general, academic and domain levels of epistemological beliefs has been proposed. However, context has been considered in general and imprecise way. The aim of this study was to establish differences across epistemological beliefs levels, considering the influence of context. In an intrasubject design, epistemological understanding in each of the three levels was assessed in specialized and non-specialized context, on four groups of participants who have different proximity with specialized context. Results support differences across levels of beliefs, but only among general and academic and domain beliefs, not among academic and domain beliefs. Context nature and proximity with context were also relevant, but in unexpected way.

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En la investigación sobre epistemología personal, se ha tenido escasamente en cuenta el contexto. En este artículo, exponemos razones teóricas que muestran la importancia de considerar el contexto al que la epistemología personal hace referencia, así como el contexto en el que las creencias son declaradas. Proponemos que la comprensión epistemológica referida a y declarada en contextos especializados, podría ser diferente que la referida a y declarada en contextos no especializados. Presentamos dos estudios exploratorios cuyo objetivo fue determinar si la comprensión epistemológica es distinta en contextos referencial y declarativo distintos. Los resultados mostraron que la comprensión epistemológica referida a y declarada en el contexto pedagógico -especializado- es mayor que cuando es referida a y declarada en un contexto social informal - no especializado. Sugerimos que es importante incorporar los contextos declarativo y referencial, así como la distinción entre contexto especializado y no especializado, en la investigación en epistemología personal.(AU)

In personal epistemology research, context has been scarcely kept in mind. In this paper, theoretical reasons are presented that show the importance of considering the context to which the personal epistemology makes reference, as well as the context in which the beliefs are declared. We propose that epistemological understanding referred to and declared in specialized contexts, could be different that the one referred to and declared in non specialized contexts. Two exploratory studies were carried out in order to answer the research question: Are epistemological understanding different in different reference and declarative contexts? In both studies, epistemological understanding referred to and declared in the specialized pedagogic context was bigger than when it is referred to and declared in a non-specialized, an informal social context. It is suggested that it is important to incorporate declarative and referential contexts, as well as the distinction among specialized and non-specialized context, in personal epistemology research.(AU)