RESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess and compare uncorrected binocular distance visual impairment rates in U.S. Hispanic children and adolescents. METHODS: Data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984, were analyzed for 6-19 year-old Cuban-Americans (n = 317), Mexican-Americans (n = 2519), and Puerto Ricans (n = 988). Visual acuity was assessed using Sloan Letters or Landolt Rings. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of uncorrected binocular distance visual impairment (20/30 or worse) were 15.5%, 14.9%, and 23.6% for Cuban-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Puerto Ricans, respectively. After adjusting for age and gender, the differences between Puerto Ricans and both Cuban-Americans and Mexican-Americans were significant (p < 0.05). Children 6-12 years of age had lower visual impairment rates than 13-19 year-old adolescents. Girls had higher age-adjusted visual impairment rates than boys; these gender differences were statistically significant among Mexican-Americans (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1, 2.2) and Puerto Ricans (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2, 2.4). CONCLUSIONS: Among Hispanics, Puerto Rican children and adolescents have the highest prevalence rate of uncorrected binocular distance visual impairment; older age and female gender are associated with higher rates of uncorrected visual impairment.
Assuntos
Hispânico ou Latino , Disparidade Visual , Visão Binocular , Baixa Visão/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Criança , Cuba/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Prevalência , Porto Rico/etnologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Distribuição por Sexo , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Baixa Visão/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to perform comparative analyses of the population-based prevalence of usual-corrected binocular distance visual acuity impairment among Hispanics and non-Hispanics in the United States. METHODS: Data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), 1982-1984, and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Augmentation Survey I (NHANES I-A), 1974-1975, were analyzed to investigate the epidemiology of usual-corrected binocular distance acuity in adults 25 to 74 years of age among Cuban-Americans (N=396), Mexican-Americans (N=1,381), Puerto Ricans (N=513), African-Americans (N=250), and non-Hispanic white Americans (N=2, 660). Binocular distance acuity was assessed using Sloan Letters or Landolt Rings with the participants wearing their corrective lenses, if any. RESULTS: Prevalences of 20/50 or worse usual-corrected binocular distance acuity were 3.5%, 4.6%, and 6.6% for Cuban-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Puerto Ricans, respectively, in the HHANES; and 7.7% and 4.1% for African-Americans and non-Hispanic whites, respectively, in the NHANES I-A. Within the HHANES, after adjustment for gender and age, Puerto Rican adults were found to have a significantly higher prevalence of visual impairment (20/50 or worse) and were significantly less likely to become unimpaired with usual correction than Cuban-American adults. Within the NHANES I-A, African-Americans were found to have a higher prevalence of visual impairment (20/50 or worse) and were significantly less likely to become unimpaired with usual correction than non-Hispanic whites. Higher prevalences of visual impairment (20/50 or worse) were associated with increasing age for all ethnic groups. After controlling for age, odds of usual-corrected visual impairment (20/50 or worse) were significantly higher in women than in men for Cuban-Americans and Mexican-Americans (odds ratios: 4.5 and 2.6, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study suggest that compared to other Hispanic groups and non-Hispanic whites, Puerto Rican and African-American adults may not be receiving similar eye care services and/or may have more severe eye diseases.
Assuntos
Hispânico ou Latino , Transtornos da Visão/etnologia , Visão Binocular , Acuidade Visual , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Cuba/etnologia , Etnicidade , Óculos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Porto Rico/etnologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Visão/terapia , População BrancaRESUMO
We compared population-based prevalence rates of unilateral hearing loss among African-American, Cuban-American, Mexican-American, Puerto Rican, and non-Hispanic White children 6 to 19 yr of age. The prevalence (per thousand) of overall hearing loss (average decibel HTL >30) ranged from 6.4 in Mexican-Americans to 12.3 in Cuban-Americans. The prevalence of moderate to profound unilateral hearing loss (average decibel HTL >50) ranged from 0.0 in Cuban-Americans to 5.2 in Puerto Ricans. No statistically significant age or gender differences were found within any of the ethnic groups. Among these five ethnic groups, it is estimated that approximately 391,000 school-aged children in the United States have unilateral hearing loss.
Assuntos
Nível de Saúde , Perda Auditiva/epidemiologia , Hispânico ou Latino , Estado Nutricional , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Audiometria de Tons Puros , Limiar Auditivo , Criança , Cuba/etnologia , Feminino , Perda Auditiva/diagnóstico , Perda Auditiva/etnologia , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Prevalência , Porto Rico/etnologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Reports on the relationship between diabetes and hearing loss have been controversial. The present study examined this relationship in 1,740 Mexican American adults using data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hearing threshold levels were obtained for each participant at the following frequencies: 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hertz (Hz). The thresholds from the worse hearing ear were used in the analyses. Diabetes and insulin use were assessed by self-report. The mean crude hearing thresholds in diabetics were significantly higher than in non-diabetics at each of the four frequencies. However, after adjustment for age, gender, and socioeconomic status, diabetics had a significantly higher mean threshold than non-diabetics only at 500 Hz (mean difference +/- SE: 2.8 +/- 1.2, p = 0.04). Diabetics who were not using insulin had significantly higher thresholds than those who were using insulin at 2000 (mean difference +/- SE: 5.6 +/- 2.6, p = 0.03) and 4000 Hz (7.7 +/- 3.3, p = 0.02). Also, at 4000 Hz, insulin users had a significantly lower mean threshold than non-diabetics (mean difference +/- SE: -4.9 +/- 1.6, p = 0.02). Our data suggest that associations between diabetes and decreased hearing acuity in the higher frequencies are present only amongst diabetic Mexican-Americans who do not use insulin.
Assuntos
Complicações do Diabetes , Transtornos da Audição/complicações , Hispânico ou Latino , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Audiometria , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Regressão , Fatores Sexuais , Classe SocialRESUMO
Sociodemographic and educational correlates of hearing loss were examined in Cuban-American, Mexican-American and Puerto Rican children 6-19 years of age. Logistic regression analyses indicated a greater risk of bilateral hearing loss among children living in crowded housing conditions or without health insurance, as well as among those who were below expected school grade level and whose parents reported low educational attainment levels. However, the strengths of these associations were small to moderate in magnitude and were not always consistent across the ethnic subgroups. These findings provide some evidence that hearing-impaired Hispanic children are more likely to reside in economically disadvantaged families and to be below their expected school grade level.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Audição/epidemiologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Classe Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Cuba/etnologia , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Transtornos da Audição/etnologia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Porto Rico/etnologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Estudos de Amostragem , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Self-reports of past heavy drinking correlate with the current drinking practices and with risk of mortality in non-Hispanic males. The prevalence of past heavy drinking has not been reported in Hispanic populations. METHODS: Using data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) we (1) report on the prevalence, duration and severity of past heavy drinking in three Hispanic groups, (2) compare the current alcohol consumption patterns among past heavy drinkers and those who do not report a history of past heavy drinking and (3) compare the risk factor profiles and health indicators in these two groups. RESULTS: The prevalence of past heavy drinking among Mexican American and Puerto Rican males ranged from 28-35% while the rates for Cuban American males ranged from 7-16%. The rates for Hispanic women were much lower (1-8%). The average years of past heavy drinking ranged from 2.3-14.9 years, while the alcohol consumption during the past heavy drinking period ranged from 24.4-44.0 drinks per week. Past heavy drinkers tended to consume more alcohol at present than did never heavy drinkers with the greatest differences found for Mexican American females. Comparisons of the risk factors and health indicators by drinking status revealed a higher prevalence of smoking among past heavy drinkers (50-60%) versus never heavy drinkers (34-43%). Past heavy drinking Mexican American females also reported significantly more chronic conditions and depressive symptoms than did never heavy drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence rates of past heavy drinking among Mexican American and Puerto Rican males are approximately three times higher than rates reported for non-Hispanic male populations.
Assuntos
Alcoolismo/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Cuba/etnologia , Feminino , Florida/epidemiologia , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cidade de Nova Iorque/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Porto Rico/etnologia , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Distribuição por Sexo , Fumar/etnologia , Sudoeste dos Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
In this analysis, we employ data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine the association between level of acculturation into the larger society and rates of hypertension in Mexican Americans. Analyses conducted separately by gender in three broad age groups (ages 20 to 39, 40 to 59, and 60 to 74 years) fail to indicate a linear effect of acculturation on hypertension after controlling for age, education, marital status, employment, smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index. A nonlinear hypothesis was subsequently examined and found partial support among middle-aged men. Other things equal, middle-aged men at the middle of the acculturation continuum have significantly higher rates of hypertension than persons at the low end of the continuum. Lower rates are also observed among men at the high end of the acculturation continuum, but these rates are not significantly lower than those among men in the middle acculturation group when other variables are controlled. These findings for middle-aged men support an "acculturative stress" model that suggests that stress is higher at the middle of the acculturation continuum. Research on the influence of acculturation on health outcomes should go beyond simply examining linear effects to investigate the viability of nonlinear effects.
Assuntos
Aculturação , Hipertensão/etnologia , Americanos Mexicanos , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Fisiológico/etnologiaRESUMO
Data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were employed to investigate the prevalence of hearing loss and hearing aid use in Mexican-American, Cuban-American, and Puerto Rican adults. Hearing loss was 6 to 14 times more prevalent in older (ages 54 to 74) vs younger (ages 20 through 34) subjects. Cuban Americans and Mexican Americans tended to have a similar prevalence of hearing loss, whereas Puerto Ricans had markedly lower rates. Mexican-American men had higher rates of hearing loss than Mexican-American women. The prevalence of hearing aid use among hearing-impaired individuals ranged from 2% to 11%. Implications for future research are discussed.
Assuntos
Auxiliares de Audição/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos da Audição/epidemiologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Cuba/etnologia , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. , Prevalência , Porto Rico/etnologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Data from the Southwestern sample of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Hispanic HANES) were employed to investigate the association of socioeconomic variables with the health status of middle-aged (aged 45 to 59) and older (aged 60 and over) Mexican Americans. The most significant and consistent predictor of health status was employment. Less acculturated men had poorer self-assessed health; married men were more likely to have been hospitalized during the year prior to the interview, while less acculturated women were less likely to have been hospitalized (other things equal). Analysis involving interaction terms showed more significant associations in middle-aged than in older respondents, but only among men. Implications related to a selective survival thesis are discussed along with directions for future research.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Nível de Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino , Aculturação , Atividades Cotidianas , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Diagnóstico , Educação , Emprego , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Renda , Masculino , Casamento , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Probabilidade , Análise de Regressão , Autoimagem , Fatores Sexuais , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smokers often engage in other, potentially deleterious, health behaviors. Such behaviors have not been well documented in Mexican American smokers. METHODS: Data from the Southwestern sample of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) were employed to investigate differences in health behaviors, risk factors and health indicators between cigarette smokers and nonsmokers among Mexican Americans. Differences between those smoking less than 10 and 10 or more cigarettes per day were also examined by age group and gender. RESULTS: Positive associations between smoking status and heavy coffee and alcohol consumption were found across gender and age groups. Less consistent was the finding that smokers weighed less than nonsmokers. Lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures in middle-aged smokers, and higher levels of depressive symptomatology among smoking women were found. Those smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day were more likely to report heavy coffee consumption, with younger men reporting greater activity limitation due to poor health. Middle-aged men and women in the 10+ category were generally in better health than lighter smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Modest associations between cigarette smoking, health behaviors and risk factors found in other studies were confirmed in this Mexican American population. Few significant associations between smoking and health status were noted.