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Objective: Many studies have observed different characteristics among productive systems in the rural territories of Latin America. Therefore, understanding and characterizing them while they function plays an essential role in determining their relationship between development and environment. A study has been conducted in the Orellana province of NE Ecuador to determine their typology and then classify them according to the variables that describe their main traits or attributes using cluster analysis (CA). Materials and Methods: A survey was structured to investigate physical, productive, environmental, as well as socioeconomic character variables, which were subsequently applied to a random sample of the 5,963 agricultural productive units (APUs) through face-to-face contact with producers during an in situ visit to their farms. Result: The CA allowed us to identify three typologies of APUs in the Orellana Province. The first has been Type 1, which is denominated as the most conventional (40%), while Type 2 uses more efficient natural resources but represents an amount of only 9.4%. In contrast, type 3 (50.6%) depends on a significant part of local or national development programs. Conclusion: All groups indicated some peculiarities in common, as there were marked differences in the use and distribution of land as well as production methods among them. Consequently, this pioneering study allowed us to identify different production methods. Therefore, we encourage local and national governments to establish policies for natural resource conservation in such high-diversity zones.

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The paper analyzes the impact of trade relations between the European Union (EU) and Mercosur with its member states (Argentina, and Brazil, in particular), on the adoption of legislation on animal welfare inspired by the EU model. In the first part, the paper focuses on the historical roots of the European framework, which led "animal welfare" to become an EU value. Then, it briefly explores the EU legal instrument dedicated to breeding, transport and commercialization of animals, identified as core issues when dealing with international trade. Finally, it examines how Argentina and Brazil have adapted their national rules to the European model, thanks to a "mirroring" legislation strategy. In conclusion, the analysis shows how trade relations with the EU have an impact on the worldwide diffusion of European standards.

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PURPOSE: Dermoscopy is a complementary examination of skin lesions, which allows the observation of anatomical features invisible to the naked eye. Its use increases the diagnostic accuracy of skin tumors. The development of polarized dermoscopy allowed the observation of deeper skin structures, without the need of skin contact. The purpose of this study was to present a low-cost prototype through the adaptation of polarized lenses on a slit lamp in order to assess anatomical aspects invisible to conventional biomicroscopy in eyelid lesions. METHODS: Twenty two eyelid lesions were documented using a prototype, compound of two polarizing filters, orthogonal to each other, adapted to a slit lamp with an integrated digital camera. Images of the eyelid lesions were also obtained with non-polarized biomicroscopy and with a portable dermatoscope, and were compared regarding anatomical aspects. RESULTS: Anatomical structures imperceptible to conventional ophthalmic examination were evidenced using the polarized lenses, demonstrating that this tool can be useful to the ophthalmologist when assessing eyelid lesions. We have obtained high-quality images of the lesions. The slit lamp provided higher magnification, better focus control and easier assessment of eyelid lesions than the portable dermatoscope. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmologists already use the slit lamp in their practice. The adaptation of polarized lenses to this device is a cost-effective, fast and non-invasive method that permits to improve the diagnostic accuracy of eyelid lesions, evidencing anatomical structures imperceptible to conventional ophthalmic examination.

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OBJECTIVE: The incidence of malignant eyelid tumors is considerably increasing, even in young patients. The purpose of this study was to identify particularities in individuals under 40 years of age affected by eyelid malignancies. METHODS: Clinical charts of patients under 40 years of age who underwent eyelid tumor excision from 2014 to 2020 in two reference centers, one in Brazil and one in the USA, were reviewed. Demographic and outcome measures included: age, gender, skin phototype, comorbidities, diagnosis, time until diagnosis, lesion location, recurrence and metastasis. In addition, associated characteristics, including chronic sun exposure, intentional tanning (outdoor or artificial), history of smoking, use of sunscreen, family history of skin cancer and exposure to pesticides or herbicides, were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 24 malignant eyelid tumors from 17 patients were identified. Twelve (70.6%) patients were female, and the most prevalent tumor was basal cell carcinoma (62.5%). Three (17.6%) patients had xeroderma pigmentosum and presented with multiple lesions. Family history of skin cancer was reported by 47% of patients. Prolonged sun exposure was reported by 41.2%; history of smoking and intentional tanning were reported by 23.5 and 17.6%, respectively, and might have played a role in carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Although uncommon in young subjects, eyelid malignancies present some peculiarities in individuals under 40 years of age. Our results suggest that women with family history of skin cancer and history of chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation are at risk. Association with genetic syndromes is also relevant among younger age groups.

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We assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and particularly the sector-specific mobility restrictions on the Colombian labour market. We exploit the sectoral and temporal variation of the restriction policies to identify their effect. Mobility restrictions significantly reduced employment, accounting for approximately a quarter of the total job loss between February and April of 2020. The remaining three quarters of the job losses could be attributed to the disease's regional patterns and other epidemiological and economic factors affecting the whole country. Therefore, we should expect important employment losses even in the absence of such restrictions. We also assess the effect of restrictions on the intensive margin, finding negative, although smaller effects on the number of hours worked and wages. Most of the employment effect is driven by salaried workers, while self-employment was more responsive to the disease spread. Finally, we find that women are disproportionally affected: mobility restrictions account for a third of the recent increase of the gender gap in salaried employment.

Effets de la pandémie de COVID­19 sur le marché du travail colombien : analyse des répercussions liées aux restrictions de mobilité par secteur. Dans cet article, nous évaluons les répercussions de la pandémie de COVID­19, et notamment des restrictions en matière de mobilité propres à chaque secteur, sur le marché du travail colombien. Nous nous appuyons sur les variations temporelles et sectorielles des politiques de restriction pour déterminer leurs effets. Les restrictions de mobilité ont sensiblement détérioré l'emploi en détruisant environ un quart du nombre total d'emplois supprimés entre février et avril 2020, les trois­quarts restants pouvant être imputés aux caractéristiques régionales de la pandémie ainsi qu'à d'autres facteurs épidémiologiques et économiques touchant l'ensemble du pays. Nous pourrions donc nous attendre à d'importantes destructions d'emplois, même en l'absence de telles restrictions. Nous évaluons également les effets des restrictions à la marge intensive, et nous constatons des effets négatifs mais plus faibles sur le nombre d'heures travaillées ainsi que sur les salaires. Les effets de ces restrictions sur l'emploi sont motivés en grande partie par les travailleurs salariés, les travailleurs indépendants se montrant plus réactifs face à la propagation de la maladie. Enfin, nous constatons que les femmes sont touchées de façon disproportionnée, les restrictions de mobilité comptant pour un tiers de l'accentuation récente de l'écart hommes­femmes en matière d'emploi salarié.

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La enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob esporádica (ECJe) es un trastorno neurodegenerativo transmisible, extremadamente raro, caracterizado por demencia rápidamente progresiva. En la tomografía por emisión de positrones con 18F-fluoro-2-desoxi-D-glucosa (18F-FDG-PET/TC) de estos pacientes se ha descrito hipometabolismo cortical bilateral parietal, frontal y occipital, sin alteraciones en el cerebelo ni en los ganglios basales, lo que podría contribuir con el diagnóstico diferencial de demencia rápidamente progresiva. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 75 años de edad, con antecedente de cáncer de próstata y trastorno afectivo bipolar, con cuadro de dos semanas de cambios comportamentales y anímicos, déficit cognitivo, alucinaciones visuales y auditivas y desorientación espacial con rápida progresión. Posteriormente, el paciente presenta marcha lenta, temblor en miembros inferiores y Babinski derecho. La resonancia magnética (RM) cerebral mostró restricción a la difusión en la corteza frontal y temporal bilateral y giro del cíngulo, con sospecha diagnóstica de síndrome paraneoplásico versus enfermedad por priones. La 18F-FDG-PET/TC demostró hipometabolismo en la corteza frontal bilateral y lóbulo temporal y parietal derechos. La medición de la proteína 14-3-3, proteína T-Tau y conversión de proteína priónica inducida por agitación en tiempo real (RT-QUIC) en líquido cefalorraquídeo confirmó el diagnóstico de enfermedad por priones.

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is an extremely rare transmissible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by rapidly progressive dementia. 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) in these patients has described bilateral parietal, frontal and occipital cortical hypometabolism, without alterations in the cerebellum or basal ganglia, which could contribute to the differential diagnosis of rapidly progressive dementia. We present the case of a 75-year-old man with a history of prostate cancer and bipolar affective disorder, with a two-week picture of behavioral and mood changes, cognitive deficit, visual and auditory hallucinations and spatial disorientation with rapid progression. Subsequently, the patient presented slow gait, tremor in lower limbs and right Babinski. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed diffusion restriction in the bilateral frontal and temporal cortex and cingulate gyrus, with diagnostic suspicion of paraneoplastic syndrome versus prion disease. 18F-FDG-PET/CT showed hypometabolism in the bilateral frontal cortex and right temporal and parietal lobe. Measurement of 14-3-3 protein, T-Tau protein and real-time shake-induced prion protein conversion (RT-QUIC) in cerebrospinal fluid confirmed the diagnosis of prion disease.

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Objetivo: identificar los principales criterios, características, enfoques, normas y lineamientos que orientan el desarrollo de atenciones en salud humanizadas, las características y enfoques de la humanización de la atención, así como las políticas, planes e incluso de programas desarrollados actualmente en algunos países. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de artículos entre el 2012 y 2020 en los idiomas portugués, español e inglés, en las bases de datos Scielo, Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs, así como también en Epistemonikos, a través de palabras clave seleccionadas con base en los objetivos a investigar y que respondieran la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿cuáles son las percepciones sobre el trato no humanizado de los sujetos de atención a partir del análisis de las quejas del sistema distrital de peticiones, quejas y reclamos y los principales criterios, normas y pautas de la atención humanizada? Resultados: se encontraron 62 artículos que se organizaron en las siguientes categorías: trato irrespetuoso; mal servicio y no garantía de derechos; negligencia en la atención; comportamiento abusivo y falta de ética; mala comunicación e información; discriminación y no enfoque diferencial. Conclusiones: 1) la estructura para evidenciar la humanización en las instituciones de salud se basa tanto en el diseño como en la aplicación de políticas y programas de humanización en Colombia y diferentes lugares del mundo. Dentro de esta perspectiva de la humanización de los servicios de salud es una constante la necesidad de comprender el rol que juega el personal de la salud como actor determinante en la garantía del derecho a la salud y la calidad en la prestación de los servicios. 2) Existe una relación directa en lo que determinan los Estados a través de la normatividad para el cumplimiento de atenciones más humanas y unas realidades diferentes en lo que se vive durante el proceso de atención. De allí la importancia que toman las prácticas de estos Estados y organizaciones en salud en torno a la humanización que permita la replicabilidad de estas, y mejorar así las condiciones de salud de los ciudadanos y la prestación de los servicios. 3) La apuesta está en reconocernos más humanos. La revisión sistemática de la bibliografía hace énfasis en los criterios que se deben cumplir frente a los procesos de atención en salud; sin embargo, es necesario generar espacios de formación que no se centren exclusivamente en los conocimientos técnicos, sino que a través de estos le permitan al personal de la salud fortalecer las diferentes habilidades que demanda el proceso de atención en salud, de allí la importancia de comunicarse asertivamente, manejar adecuadamente los conflictos, empatizar frente a las situaciones que puedan estar presentando los usuarios y sus familias, y la respuesta efectiva a las necesidades y expectativas que presentan, permitiendo realizar una simbiosis entre el ser, el hacer y el deber ser en la atención en salud.

Objective: To identify the main criteria, characteristics, approaches, regulations and guidelines that guide the development of humanized health care, the characteristics and approaches of the humanization of health care, and the policies, plans and even programs currently developed in some countries. Methodology: A search was performed for articles between 2012 and 2020 in Portuguese, Spanish and English in the Scielo, Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs and Epistemonikos databases, using keywords selected based on the objectives to be researched. The articles had to be able to answer the following research question: What are the perceptions of health care subjects regarding non-humanized treatment, based on an analysis of complaints in the district petition, complaint and claims system and the main criteria, regulations and guidelines for humanized health care? Results: 62 articles were found, which were organized into the following categories - disrespectful treatment, bad service and a failure to ensure rights; negligence in health care, abusive behavior and a lack of ethics; bad communication and information; discrimination and a lack of a differential approach. Conclusions: 1) The structure for demonstrating humanization in health care institutions is based on both designing and applying humanization policies and programs in Colombia and different parts of the world. There is a constant need to understand the role health care staff play as determining actors in ensuring the right to health and quality in the provision of services, within this perspective of the humanization of health care services. 2) There is a direct relationship between what States determine through regulations in terms of providing more humane health care and the different realities patients experience during the health care process. Therefrom comes the importance of the practices of States and health care organizations when it comes to humanization that facilitates replicating those practices, improving the health conditions of citizens and the provision of services in this way. 3) The challenge is to recognize ourselves as more human. The systematic review of the bibliography emphasizes the criteria to be met in health care processes. However, it is necessary to create training spaces that do not exclusively focus on technical knowledge, but which, through that technical knowledge, help health care staff strengthen the different skills required for the health care process. This explains the importance of communicating assertively, adequately managing conflicts, empathizing with the situations of users and their families, and responding effectively to their needs and expectations, allowing for a symbiosis between being, doing and what should be in health care.

Objetivo: identificar os principais critérios, características, abordagens, normas e diretrizes que orientam o desenvolvimento de cuidados da saúde humanizados, as características e abordagens da humanização da atenção, bem como as políticas, planos e até programas desenvolvidos atualmente em alguns países. Metodologia: foi realizada uma busca de artigos entre 2012 e 2020 nos idiomas português, espanhol e inglês, nas bases de dados Scielo, Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs, bem como na Epistemonikos, por meio de palavras-chave selecionadas com base nos objetivos de investigação e respondendo à seguinte questão de pesquisa: quais as percepções sobre o tratamento não humanizado dos sujeitos do atendimento a partir da análise das denúncias do sistema distrital de petições, denúncias e reclamações e os principais critérios, normas e diretrizes do atendimento humanizado? Resultados: foram encontrados 62 artigos, organizados nas seguintes categorias: tratamento desrespeitoso; atendimento precário e sem garantia de direitos; negligência de cuidados; comportamento abusivo e falta de ética; má comunicação e informação; discriminação e nenhuma abordagem diferencial. Conclusões: 1) a estrutura para evidenciar a humanização nas instituições de saúde se baseia tanto na formulação quanto na aplicação de políticas e programas de humanização na Colômbia e em diferentes partes do mundo. Dentro dessa perspectiva de humanização dos serviços de saúde, há uma necessidade constante de compreender o papel desempenhado pelo pessoal de saúde como ator determinante na garantia do direito à saúde e a qualidade na prestação dos serviços. 2) Existe uma relação direta entre o que os Estados determinam por meio de regulamentações para o cumprimento de um cuidado mais humanizado e as diferentes realidades do que é vivenciado durante o processo de cuidar. Daí a importância das práticas destes Estados e das organizações de saúde em torno da humanização que permita a sua replicabilidade, e assim melhorar as condições de saúde dos cidadãos e a prestação de serviços. 3) A aposta consiste em nos reconhecermos mais humanos. A revisão sistemática da bibliografia enfatiza os critérios que devem ser atendidos diante dos processos de atenção à saúde; no entanto, é preciso criar espaços de formação que não se concentrem exclusivamente no conhecimento técnico, mas que por meio deles permitam que os profissionais de saúde fortaleçam as diferentes habilidades que o processo de cuidar em saúde exige, daí a importância de se comunicar de forma assertiva, lidar adequadamente com os conflitos, ter empatia com as situações que os usuários e seus familiares possam estar apresentando e a resposta efetiva às necessidades e expectativas que apresentam, permitindo uma simbiose entre o ser, o fazer e o que deveria ser no cuidado à saúde.

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Abstract Introduction: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs in adults have positively impacted morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Its effects on the pediatric population is recognized. Objective: To prepare a narrative review on the current evidence of the various strategies within the framework of enhancing recovery after pediatric surgery, in the context of major abdominal surgery. Methods: A search was conducted on the scientific evidence available in databases (Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct, OVID, SciELO), in order to prepare a narrative literature review. Conclusion: Notwithstanding the limited evidence on the practicality of the ERAS protocols in the pediatric population undergoing major abdominal surgery, better results could be accomplished if these strategies are adopted.

Resumen Introducción: Los programas de recuperación intensificada después de cirugía (ERAS, por sus siglas del inglés enhanced recovery after surgery) en adultos han impactado positivamente en morbilidad, mortalidad y costos en salud. Es conocido su efecto respecto a su efectividad en población pediátrica. Objetivo: Elaborar una revisión narrativa respecto a la evidencia actual de las diferentes estrategias en el marco de programas de recuperación intensificada en cirugía pediátrica (ERPS, por sus siglas del inglés enhancing recovery in pediatric surgery), en el contexto de cirugía abdominal mayor. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sobre la evidencia científica disponible en bases de datos (Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct, OVID, SciELO) para elaborar una revisión narrativa de la literatura. Conclusiones: Aunque existe evidencia limitada sobre la utilidad de los protocolos ERAS en la población pediátrica sometida a cirugía abdominal mayor, podrían lograrse mejores resultados si se adoptan estas estrategias en pacientes pediátricos.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: To review the outcomes of frontalis suspension surgeries with the use of polytetrafluoroethylene in patients with blepharoptosis. Methods: A retrospective observational study analyzed the outcomes of frontalis suspension surgeries performed in a single institution from 2003 to 2018. All procedures were performed with closed incision and single pentagon techniques. Outcomes were classified as satisfactory or unsatisfactory, with satisfactory defined as a margin reflex distance of >3 mm and <1 mm between eyelids and unsatisfactory as hypocorrection, surgical complications, and asymmetry. Results: We included a total of 76 eyelids from 52 patients in our study. Within a mean postoperative follow-up of 16.8 ± 18.5 months (range, 3-95), 59 (77.6%) eyelids had a satisfactory outcome, and 17 (22.4%) were unsatisfactory (8 cases of asymmetry, 3 granulomas, 3 suture extrusions, 2 abscesses, and 1 case of cellulitis). Nine eyelids from the unsatisfactory group required reoperation. Among the patients with a follow-up of ³12 months (38 surgeries), lasting results were observed in most eyelids, except for 2 late-onset suture extrusions. Conclusion: The use of polytetrafluoroethylene in frontalis suspension surgery was shown to be predictable, safe, and lasting. Our findings support previous studies that have shown adequate functional results and low complication rates.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar os resultados de cirurgias de sus pensão ao músculo frontal com o uso de fio de politetrafluoretileno em pacientes com blefaroptose. Métodos: Em um estudo observacional retrospectivo, foram analisados os resultados das cirurgias de músculo frontal de uma instituição, realizadas entre 2003 e 2018. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com incisão fechada e técnica de pentágono. Os desfechos foram classificados como satisfatórios ou insatisfatórios com definição satisfatória definida como distância margem-reflexo >3mm e <1mm entre as pálpebras e insatisfatória como hipocorreção, complicações cirúrgicas e assimetria. Resultados: Incluímos um total de 76 pálpebras de 52 pacientes em nosso estudo. Com um tempo médio de seguimento pós-operatório de 16,8 ± 18,5 meses (intervalo 3-95), 59 (77,6%) pálpebras apresentaram desfecho satisfatório e 17 (22,4%) insatisfatórios (8 casos de assimetria, 3 granulomas, 3 extrusões de sutura, 2 abscessos e 1 caso de celulite). Nove pálpebras do grupo insatisfatório necessitaram de reoperação. Entre os pacientes com seguimento ³12 meses (38 cirurgias), resultados duradouros foram observados na maioria dos casos, exceto por 2 extrusões de sutura de surgimento tardio. Conclusão: O uso de politetrafluoretileno na cirurgia de músculo frontal mostrou ser previsível, seguro e duradouro, Nossos achados corroboram com estudos prévios que mostraram resultados funcionais adequados e baixos índices de complicação.

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PURPOSE: To review the outcomes of frontalis suspension surgeries with the use of polytetrafluoroethylene in patients with blepharoptosis. METHODS: A retrospective observational study analyzed the outcomes of frontalis suspension surgeries performed in a single institution from 2003 to 2018. All procedures were performed with closed incision and single pentagon techniques. Outcomes were classified as satisfactory or unsatisfactory, with satisfactory defined as a margin reflex distance of >3 mm and <1 mm between eyelids and unsatisfactory as hypocorrection, surgical complications, and asymmetry. RESULTS: We included a total of 76 eyelids from 52 patients in our study. Within a mean postoperative follow-up of 16.8 ± 18.5 months (range, 3-95), 59 (77.6%) eyelids had a satisfactory outcome, and 17 (22.4%) were unsatisfactory (8 cases of asymmetry, 3 granulomas, 3 suture extrusions, 2 abscesses, and 1 case of cellulitis). Nine eyelids from the unsatisfactory group required reoperation. Among the patients with a follow-up of ³12 months (38 surgeries), lasting results were observed in most eyelids, except for 2 late-onset suture extrusions. CONCLUSION: The use of polytetrafluoroethylene in frontalis suspension surgery was shown to be predictable, safe, and lasting. Our findings support previous studies that have shown adequate functional results and low complication rates.

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