RESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. The main pathological feature of PD is the loss or apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neuronal dopamine injury by inhibiting neuroinflammation, which was one of the factors that cause neuronal apoptosis. Male SPF C57BL/6 mice were used to create a PD model by administering MPTP intraperitoneally for seven days and treated by oral administration of CBD for 14 days. Behaviorally, CBD improved cognitive dysfunction and increased the number of spontaneous locomotion in PD mice. Biochemically, CBD increased the levels of 5-HT, DA and IL-10, and decreased the contents of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6. Pathologically, CBD increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Mechanistically, CBD up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, down-regulated the levels of Bax and Caspase-3, and repressed the expression of NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1ß inflammasome pathway. In summary, CBD has a therapeutic effect on MPTP-induced PD mice by inhibiting the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons and neuroinflammation. Therefore, CBD is a potential candidate for PD therapy.
Assuntos
Canabidiol , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Doença de Parkinson , 1-Metil-4-Fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetra-Hidropiridina , Animais , Apoptose , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Pirrolidinas , Substância NegraRESUMO
To analyze the exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Streptococcus thermophilus ST1, cultures were cultivated in 10 percent (w/v) reconstituted skim milk under different growth conditions including various temperatures and pHs of growth medium, supplementation of the medium with various carbon sources (glucose, lactose, sucrose, galactose and fructose) and nitrogen source (whey protein concentrate, or WPC). The results showed that most EPS production by strain ST1 was obtained at a temperature (42°C) and pH (6.5) optimal for its growth. Supplementation of the skim milk medium with either carbohydrates or WPC increased both growth and polymer formation by different extents, with sucrose being most effective among the carbon sources tested. Under the optimal cultural conditions, i.e. pH 6.5, 42°C with 2 percent (w/v) sucrose and 0.5 percent (w/v) WPC, 135.80 mg l-1 of EPS was produced by strain ST1. The monosaccharide composition of the EPS was determined to be glucose and galactose (2:1), and the molecular mass of the EPS was 3.97 × 10(6) Da. The aqueous solution of the EPS at 1 percent (w/v) showed relatively high viscosity, indicating the potential of this EPS-producing S. thermophilus strain for applications in the improvement of physical properties of fermented milk products.
Assuntos
/análise , Iogurte/análise , Leite , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos , Streptococcus thermophilus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Streptococcus thermophilus/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Amostras de Alimentos , Métodos , MétodosRESUMO
To analyze the exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Streptococcus thermophilus ST1, cultures were cultivated in 10% (w/v) reconstituted skim milk under different growth conditions including various temperatures and pHs of growth medium, supplementation of the medium with various carbon sources (glucose, lactose, sucrose, galactose and fructose) and nitrogen source (whey protein concentrate, or WPC). The results showed that most EPS production by strain ST1 was obtained at a temperature (42°C) and pH (6.5) optimal for its growth. Supplementation of the skim milk medium with either carbohydrates or WPC increased both growth and polymer formation by different extents, with sucrose being most effective among the carbon sources tested. Under the optimal cultural conditions, i.e. pH 6.5, 42°C with 2% (w/v) sucrose and 0.5% (w/v) WPC, 135.80 mg l(-1) of EPS was produced by strain ST1. The monosaccharide composition of the EPS was determined to be glucose and galactose (2:1), and the molecular mass of the EPS was 3.97 × 10(6) Da. The aqueous solution of the EPS at 1% (w/v) showed relatively high viscosity, indicating the potential of this EPS-producing S. thermophilus strain for applications in the improvement of physical properties of fermented milk products.
RESUMO
To analyze the exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Streptococcus thermophilus ST1, cultures were cultivated in 10% (w/v) reconstituted skim milk under different growth conditions including various temperatures and pHs of growth medium, supplementation of the medium with various carbon sources (glucose, lactose, sucrose, galactose and fructose) and nitrogen source (whey protein concentrate, or WPC). The results showed that most EPS production by strain ST1 was obtained at a temperature (42°C) and pH (6.5) optimal for its growth. Supplementation of the skim milk medium with either carbohydrates or WPC increased both growth and polymer formation by different extents, with sucrose being most effective among the carbon sources tested. Under the optimal cultural conditions, i.e. pH 6.5, 42°C with 2% (w/v) sucrose and 0.5% (w/v) WPC, 135.80 mg l-1 of EPS was produced by strain ST1. The monosaccharide composition of the EPS was determined to be glucose and galactose (2:1), and the molecular mass of the EPS was 3.97 × 10(6) Da. The aqueous solution of the EPS at 1% (w/v) showed relatively high viscosity, indicating the potential of this EPS-producing S. thermophilus strain for applications in the improvement of physical properties of fermented milk products.