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Abstract This article analyses four classic intra-individual theories in social psychology: Authoritarian Personality, Closed Mind Hypothesis, Social Dominance, and Aversive Racism. The article aims to answer three questions: (1) how classical and modern theories of psychology have explained racism over the years; (2) to what extent such theories have been used to understand racism/racial prejudice in Brazil; and (3) what are the possibilities and limitations of their use? The methodology consisted of describing the postulates of the theories, searching CAPES-Periódicos for their frequency and type of use, and analysing their potential to 'fit' or 'not fit' for understanding racism in Brazil. The results found suggest that they are rarely used, could be employed to analyse Brazilian racism, and can make important contributions to broadening the debate and understanding of the phenomenon, with the necessary contextual adjustments. These findings are discussed based on the social psychology of racism.

Resumo São analisadas quatro teorias intraindividuais clássicas da psicologia social: Personalidade Autoritária, Hipótese do Espírito Fechado, Dominância Social e Racismo Aversivo. O objetivo é responder a três questões: (1) como, ao longo dos anos, teorias clássicas e modernas da psicologia têm explicado o racismo; (2) em que medida tais teorias foram utilizadas para o entendimento do racismo/preconceito racial no Brasil e (3) quais são as potencialidades e as limitações na sua utilização. A metodologia consistiu em descrever os postulados das teorias; buscar nos Periódicos-Capes sua frequência e tipo de uso e analisar seus potenciais de "encaixe" ou "desencaixe" para o entendimento do racismo nacional. Os resultados indicaram que as teorias foram pouco aproveitadas, que possuem poder de leitura do racismo nacional e que, com as necessárias adaptações contextuais, podem trazer importantes contribuições para ampliar o debate e entendimento do fenômeno. Tais achados são discutidos à luz da psicologia social do racismo.

Resumen En este artículo se analizan cuatro teorías intraindividuales clásicas de la psicología social: personalidad autoritaria, mente cerrada, dominancia social y racismo aversivo. Su propósito es responder a tres preguntas: (1) cómo, a lo largo de los años, las teorías clásicas y modernas de la psicología han explicado el racismo; (2) en qué medida se utilizaron tales teorías para comprender el racismo/prejuicio racial en Brasil; y (3) cuáles son las potencialidades y limitaciones de su uso. La metodología consistió en describir los postulados de las teorías; buscar en Periódicos Capes su frecuencia y tipo de uso; y analizar su potencial de "acoplamiento" y "desacoplamiento" para la comprensión del racismo brasileño. Los resultados indicaron que las teorías no fueron muy bien utilizadas, que tienen un potencial de lectura del racismo nacional y que, con las necesarias adaptaciones contextuales, pueden aportar importantes contribuciones para ampliar el debate y la comprensión del fenómeno. Estos hallazgos se discuten desde la psicología social del racismo.

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ABSTRACT This article analyses the relationship between masculine identity and ambivalent sexism, considering concepts of masculinity and culture of honour as mediating variables in this relationship. For this purpose, two studies were carried out with male participants from two regions of Brazil, Midwest (119 participants) and Northeast (117 participants). The results indicated that the concepts of masculinity are mediators of the relationship between masculine identity and ambivalent sexism. In contrast, the culture of honour did not remain significant in the mediation model. We conclude that the conception of masculinity based on hegemonic precepts of gender restates masculine superiority in detriment to the feminine, naturalizes sexism and violent behaviour for maintenance of masculine identity.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa a relação entre identidade masculina e sexismo ambivalente, tomando as concepções de masculinidade e a cultura da honra como variáveis mediadoras dessa relação. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram realizados dois estudos com participantes homens de duas regiões do país, Centro-oeste (119 participantes) e Nordeste (117 participantes). Os resultados indicaram que as concepções de masculinidade são mediadoras da relação entre identidade masculina e o sexismo ambivalente. Em contraste, a cultura da honra não se manteve significativa no modelo da mediação. Conclui-se que a concepção de uma masculinidade, baseada em preceitos hegemônicos de gênero, reafirma a superioridade masculina em detrimento à feminina, e naturaliza práticas de sexismo e comportamentos violentos em defesa da manutenção da identidade masculina.

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BACKGROUND: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improve endothelial dysfunction and reduce cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9i) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. Whether the addition of PCSK9i to SGLT2i treatment adds benefits is not known. OBJECTIVES: To assess the PCSK9-i effect on the endothelial function of T2D individuals under treatment with SGLT2-i. METHODS: Individuals with T2D were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to a 16-week treatment with either empagliflozin (E) or empagliflozin plus evolocumab (EE). The primary endpoint was post-treatment change from baseline in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at 1-min. Secondary outcomes included changes in plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites and isoprostane. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients were enrolled, the mean age was 58 years, and 71% were men. The median post-treatment change in FMD at 1-min was 2.7% (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.9%) and 0.4% (IQR: 0.9%) in the EE and E groups, respectively (p < 0.001). There was a greater increase in plasma levels of nitrate [5.9 (16.5) vs. 2.6 (11.8); p = 0.001] and nitrite [0.14 (0.72) vs. 0.02 (0.74); p = 0.025] in the EE group than in the E group, respectively. Isoprostane reduction was more pronounced in the EE group when compared to the E group [-1.7 (5.9) vs. -1.1 (5.3); p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with T2D, the addition of evolocumab on top of empagliflozin improves endothelial function.

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Analisa-se, em dois estudos, a relação entre o sentimento de anomia, os significados das posições políticas e o desejo por líderes autoritários. No estudo 1 (n = 230; idade média = 20,99; 50,9% de sexo masculino), os resultados indicaram que o voto em Jair Bolsonaro se correlacionou com o desejo por um líder autoritário, menor anomia política e um posicionamento mais à Direita no espectro político. No estudo 2 (n = 181; idade média = 29,1; 59,1% de sexo masculino), verificamos que a Direita é significada como "liberalismo-conservador"; enquanto a Esquerda foi associada ao "Comunismo/Socialismo", pelos de Direita e Centro, ou à defesa das minorias, pelos demais. Concluímos sugerindo a necessidade de maior atenção, científica e política, ao surgimento de populismos constitucionais e à existência de semelhança semântica nas visões dos participantes de Direita, Centro e dos sem posição política em relação à Esquerda.

We analyzed the relationship between the sense of anomie, the meanings of political positions and the desire for authoritarian leaders in two studies. In study 1 (n = 230; mean age = 20.99; 50.9% male), the results indicated that voting for Jair Bolsonaro was correlated with a desire for an authoritarian leader, less political anomie and a position further to the Right on the political spectrum. In study 2 (n = 181; mean age = 29.1; 59.1% male), we found that the Right is meant as "conservative-liberalism"; while the Left was associated with "Communism/Socialism", by the Right and Center participants, or with the defense of minorities, by the others. We conclude suggesting the need for greater scientific and political attention to the emergence of constitutional populisms and the existence of semantic similarity in the views of participant from the Right, Center and those without a political position in relation to the Left.

Analizamos, en dos estudios, la relación entre la anomia, los significados de las posiciones políticas y el deseo de un líder autoritario. En el estudio 1 (n = 230; media de edad = 20,99; 50,9% masculino), el voto por Jair Bolsonaro se correlacionó con el deseo de un líder autoritario, menos anomia política y un posicionamiento de derecha en el espacio político. En el estudio 2 (n = 181; media de edad = 29,1; 59,1% hombres), encontramos que la Derecha es entendida como "liberal-conservador"; mientras que la Izquierda se asoció con el "comunismo/socialismo", por los participantes de la Derecha y del Centro, o la defensa de las minorías, por los demás. Concluimos sugiriendo la necesidad de una mayor atención científica y política a la aparición de populismos constitucionales y la existencia de similitudes semánticas en los puntos de vista de los de Derecha, Centro y sin posición política en relación con la Izquierda.

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BACKGROUND: Optimal control of traditional risk factors only partially attenuates the exceeding cardiovascular mortality of individuals with diabetes. Employment of machine learning (ML) techniques aimed at the identification of novel features of risk prediction is a compelling target to tackle residual cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study is to identify clinical phenotypes of T2D which are more prone to developing cardiovascular disease. METHODS: The Brazilian Diabetes Study is a single-center, ongoing, prospective registry of T2D individuals. Eligible patients are 30 years old or older, with a confirmed T2D diagnosis. After an initial visit for the signature of the informed consent form and medical history registration, all volunteers undergo biochemical analysis, echocardiography, carotid ultrasound, ophthalmologist visit, dual x-ray absorptiometry, coronary artery calcium score, polyneuropathy assessment, advanced glycation end-products reader, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A 5-year follow-up will be conducted by yearly phone interviews for endpoints disclosure. The primary endpoint is the difference between ML-based clinical phenotypes in the incidence of a composite of death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, and stroke. Since June/2016, 1030 patients (mean age: 57 years, diabetes duration of 9.7 years, 58% male) were enrolled in our study. The mean follow-up time was 3.7 years in October/2021. CONCLUSION: The BDS will be the first large population-based cohort dedicated to the identification of clinical phenotypes of T2D at higher risk of cardiovascular events. Data derived from this study will provide valuable information on risk estimation and prevention of cardiovascular and other diabetes-related events. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT04949152.

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Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de hipossuficiência em vitamina D em soteropolitanos atendidos em um laboratório de análises clínicas de Salvador entre os anos de 2015 e 2018. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, retrospectivo, com amostra de conveniência. Foram prospectados dados sobre a dosagem de 25-hidróxi-vitamina D (OH25) de pacientes atendidos no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no software GraphPad Prism a partir da estratificação por níveis séricos de vitamina D, gênero, faixa etária e procedência do paciente. Os valores de referência utilizados na análise da vitamina D estão em consonância com as recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia. Resultados: Foram analisados 2.263 pacientes com idade entre 1 e 99 anos (mediana = 53; IQ= 35 e 64), sendo 82,39% do sexo feminino. Dentre as 1.863 mulheres analisadas, 602 (32,31%) desvelaram níveis deficientes e 731 (39,24%) insuficientes. Entre os homens, 105 (26,38%) foram categorizados como deficientes e 150 (37,69%) insuficientes. Crianças menores de 12 anos exibiram os maiores níveis de vitamina D (mediana = 32,69) e adultos com mais de 80 anos apresentaram os menores níveis (mediana = 20,95). Todos os grupos etários evidenciaram mais de 40% dos indivíduos com hipossuficiência em vitamina D. Conclusão: Os resultados deste trabalho ratificam um percentual elevado de hipovitaminose D em todas as faixas etárias, suscitando necessidade de reflexão pelos órgãos competentes sobre o ajuste dos valores de referência ou suplementação de vitamina D na população.

Objective: To assess the frequency of vitamin D hypo-sufficiency in patients at a clinical analysis laboratory in Salvador between the years 2015 and 2018. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample. Data on the dosage of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (OH25) from patients seen at the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of APAE were prospected. Statistical analyzes were performed using the GraphPad Prism software based on stratification by serum vitamin D levels, gender, age and origin of the patient. The reference values used in the analysis of vitamin D are in line with the recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology. Results: 2,263 patients aged 1 to 99 years (median = 53; IQ = 35 and 64) were evaluated, 82.39% of whom were female. Among the 1,863 women analyzed, 602 (32.31%) revealed deficient levels and 731 (39.24%) insuficiente levels. Among men, 105 (26.38%) were categorized as deficient and 150 (37.69%) were insufficient. Children under 12 years old had the highest levels of vitamin D (median = 32.69) and adults over 80 years old had the lowest levels (median = 20.95). All age groups showed more than 40% of individuals with low vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: The studied sample showed a high percentage of hypovitaminosis D, to be revealing the need for reflection by organs competent of vitamin D supplementation in the general population or the adjustment of reference values.

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Photo-selective shading screens are emerging practices that aim to combine crop physical protection with different solar radiation filtration to achieve desired physiological responses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of photo-selective shading screens on the growth and physiology of purple lettuce for two transplanting seasons in tropical climate in Brazil. A 2 × 4 factorial arrangement was used, being considered the first factor, the transplanting season (spring and fall), and the second factor is the three 35% shading photo-selective shading screens (red, black and silver) and full sun control. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The variables studied were: total fresh matter, total dry matter, leaf number, stem diameter, stem length, leaf area, SPAD chlorophyll index, nitrogen balance indexes, chlorophyll, flavonoids and anthocyanins. The photo-selective shading screens influenced the microclimate and the growth variables of purple lettuce, mainly when these plants were sown in the fall. Planting lettuce during spring may result in lower yields due to the higher investment of plants in secondary metabolites to defend against abiotic stress. According to the results, photo-selective shading screens are an appropriate agronomic technique to reduce phenolic compounds and improve lettuce cultivation conditions and can be implemented within protected cultivation practices to improve crop performance.

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This trial aimed to analyze the effects of including three byproducts from the biodiesel industry on the intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition, and feeding behavior of lactating cows. Eight crossbred Holstein-Zebu lactating cows with average body weight 525 ± 18.5 kg and average milk yield of 8 ± 1.45 kg day-1 were assigned to four treatments (diets) in a double-Latin square design, as follows: a diet based on corn- and soybean meal-based concentrate and three diets with 20% inclusion of byproducts from the biodiesel industry (cottonseed cake, sunflower meal, and castor bean cake) on a total dry matter basis. The cows were housed in individual covered stalls with concrete floor equipped with individual concrete troughs for feeding and automatic drinkers, and fed diets containing 60% sugarcane and 40% concentrate. The inclusion of the byproducts in the diet changed the intake, digestibility of some nutritional components, milk yield and composition, and feeding behavior of lactating cows. The use of cottonseed cake and sunflower meal in the diet increased milk yield, and fat-corrected milk yield; while the use of castor bean cake reduced the intake, digestibility of dry matter and total digestible nutrients, milk yield, and fat-corrected milk yield. The inclusion of byproducts from the biodiesel industry in the diets did not change the fat, lactose, total solids, and solids-not-fat of milk. Therefore, the cottonseed cake and sunflower meal can be included at up to 20% of the total diet.

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Resumo Utilizando o Modelo do Conteúdo dos Estereótipos (MCE), analisou-se, em dois estudos, as relações das dimensões de cordialidade e competência com as expressões de preconceito racial. No Estudo 1, participaram 169 universitários (M idade=21,7 anos, 47% pardos). Verificou-se a existência de preconceito implícito, a maior atribuição de competência aos brancos que aos negros e a relação positiva entre racismo moderno e atribuição de competência aos brancos. No Estudo 2, participaram 143 universitários (M idade=25,4 anos, 64,9% pardos). Verificou-se que negros descritos como malsucedidos-amáveis receberam maior estereotipia de competência do que brancos malsucedidos-frios. Concluiu-se que: 1) a dimensão da cordialidade não se aplicou aos negros e 2) existe uma relação entre o MCE e a expressão do preconceito racial.

Abstract Using the Stereotype Content Model (SCT), we analyzed in two studies the relationship between the dimensions of warmth and competence of stereotypes with the racial prejudice expressions. In the first study, 169 undergraduates participated (M age=21.7 years, 47% brown skin). We found implicit prejudice, greater attribution of competence to whites than to blacks and a relationship between modern racism and attribution of competence to whites. In the second study, 143 undergraduates took part (M age=25.4, 64.9% brown skin). We found that blacks described as incompetent-friendly received greater competence stereotyping than whites incompetent-cold. We concluded that: 1) the dimension of warmth did not apply to blacks and 2) there is a relationship between SCT and racial prejudice expressions.

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O racismo apresenta duas características centrais: persistência e adaptação. Considerando as mudanças sociais e políticas do Brasil na atualidade, hipotetizase que ele atue mediante atribuição de culpa às minorias pela existência do próprio racismo, numa lógica de revitimização. Neste artigo procedemos a construção e validação de uma Escala de Racismo Revitimizador (ERR). Foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro (n = 121, 50,4% do sexo feminino, idade média = 25,3, DP=10,2) procedeu a uma análise de conteúdo de posts na internet para a construção e confirmação da ERR. O segundo (n = 104, 54,8% de sexo masculino, idade média = 22,9, DP=7,3) procedeu a validação convergente com o racismo moderno e discriminativa com o autoritarismo, bem como Análise Fatorial Confirmatória e correlações com a motivação interna/externa para responder sem preconceito. Os resultados demonstram que a ERR é menos obstrutiva que a escala de racismo moderno e apresenta validade convergente e discriminativa.

Racism presents two central features: persistence and adaptation. Considering social and political changes of Brazil nowadays, it is hypothesized that acts by attributing blame to minorities for the existence of racism itself, in a logic of revictimization. This article proceeds the construction and validation of a Revictimize Racism Scale (RRS). Two studies were carried out. The first (n = 121, 50,4% female, mean age = 25,3, SD=10,2) dealt with the RRS construction, based on racist content the analysis of Internet. The second (n = 104, 54.8% male, mean age = 22.9, SD=7.2) proceeds to convergent validation with modern racism and discriminative with authoritarianism, such as Factorial Confirmatory Analysis and correlations with internal/external motivation to respond without prejudice. The general results allow us to conclude that the RRS is less obstructive than that of modern racism and has satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity (AU).

Racismo presenta dos rasgos centrales: persistencia y adaptación. Considerando los reciente cambios sociales y políticos de Brasil, hipotetizamos que el racismo opera por la atribución de culpa a las minorías, afirmando que este actúa atribuyendo la culpa a las minorías por la existencia del racismo en sí, en una lógica de revictimización. Proponemos un instrumento para analizar el Racismo Revitimizador. Se realizaron dos estudios. El primero (n = 121, 50,4% mujeres, edad media = 25,3, DP=10,2) trató de la construcción del instrumento, partiendo del análisis de contenidos racistas en internet. El segundo (n = 104, 54,8% hombres, edad media= 22,9, DP=7,3) procede a la validación convergente con racismo moderno y discriminatorio con autoritarismo, a través de Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio y correlaciones con la motivación interna/externa para responder sin prejuicios. Los resultados indican que ERR es menos obstructiva que la de racismo moderno y presenta validez convergente y discriminativa (AU).

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