RESUMO

Tree monocultures constitute an increasing fraction of the global tree cover and are the dominant tree-growing strategy of forest landscape restoration commitments. Their advantages to produce timber are well known, but their value for biodiversity is highly controversial and context dependent. Therefore, understanding whether, and in which conditions, they can harbor native species regeneration is crucial. Here, we conducted meta-analyses based on a global survey of the literature and on a database created with local, unpublished studies throughout Brazil to evaluate the regeneration potential of native species under tree monocultures and the way management influences this regeneration. Native woody species regeneration under tree monocultures harbors a substantial fraction of the diversity (on average 40% and 68% in the global and Brazilian surveys, respectively) and abundance (on average 25% and 60% in the global and Brazilian surveys, respectively) of regeneration observed in natural forests. Plantations with longer rotation lengths, composed of native tree species, and located adjacent to forest remnants harbor more species. Pine plantations harbor more native individuals than eucalypt plantations, and the abundance of regenerating trees is higher in sites with higher mean temperatures. Species-area curves revealed that the number of woody species under pine and eucalypt plantations in Brazil is 606 and 598 species, respectively, over an aggregated sampled area of ca. 12 ha. We highlight that the understory of tree monocultures can harbor a considerable diversity of regenerating native species at the landscape and regional scales, but this diversity strongly depends on management. Long-rotation length and favorable location are key factors for woody regeneration success under tropical tree monocultures. Therefore, tree monocultures can play a role in forest landscape restoration and conservation, but only if they are planned and managed for achieving this purpose.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices represent an important platform for portable, low-cost, affordable, and decentralized diagnostics. For this kind of application, chemical functionalization plays a pivotal role to ensure high clinical performance by tuning surface properties and the area of electrodes. However, controlling different surface properties of electrodes by using a single functionalization route is still challenging. In this work, we attempted to tune the wettability, chemical composition, and electroactive area of carbon-paper-based devices by thermally treating polydopamine (PDA) at different temperatures. PDA films were deposited onto pyrolyzed paper (PP) electrodes and thermally treated in the range of 300-1000 °C. After deposition of PDA, the surface is rich in nitrogen and oxygen, it is superhydrophilic, and it has a high electroactive area. As the temperature increases, the surface becomes hydrophobic, and the electroactive area decreases. The surface modifications were followed by Raman, X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), electrical measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical experiments. In addition, the chemical composition of nitrogen species can be tuned on the surface. As a proof of concept, we employed PDA-treated surfaces to anchor [AuCl4]- ions. After electrochemical reduction, we observed that it is possible to control the size of the nanoparticles on the surface. Our route opens a new avenue to add versatility to electrochemical interfaces in the field of paper-based electrochemical biosensors.

RESUMO

Pimelodus is the most speciose genus of the family Pimelodidae, and is amply distributed in the Neotropical region. The species-level taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships within this genus are still poorly resolved, however. These taxonomic problems and the general lack of data have generated major uncertainties with regard to the identification of specimens from different localities. In the present study, we applied a single-locus species delimitation approach to identify the MOTUs found within the genus Pimelodus and provide sound evidence for the evaluation of the species richness of this genus in the different river basins of the Neotropical region. The study was based on the analysis of sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene of 13 nominal species, which resulted in the identification of 24 consensus MOTUs. Only six nominal species were recovered as well-defined molecular entities by both the traditional barcoding analysis and the molecular delimitation methods, while the other seven presented cryptic diversity or persistent taxonomic uncertainties. The lineages identified from the Parnaíba ecoregions, Amazonas Estuary and Coastal Drainages may represent a much greater diversity of Pimelodus species than that recognized currently, although a more detailed study of this diversity will be necessary to provide a more definitive classification of the genus.

RESUMO

Nanostructured microelectrodes (NMEs) are an attractive alternative to yield sensitive bioassays in unprocessed samples. However, although valuable for different applications, nanoporous NMEs usually cannot boost the sensitivity of diffusion-limited analyses because of the enlarged Debye length within the nanopores, which reduces their accessibility. To circumvent this limitation, nanopore-free gold NMEs were electrodeposited from 45 µm SU-8 apertures, featuring nanoridged microspikes on a recessed surface of gold thin film while carrying interconnected crown-like and spiky structures along the edge of a SU-8 passivation layer. These structures were grown onto ultradense, vertical array chips that offer a promising strategy for translating reproducible, high-resolution, and cost-effective sensors into real-world applications. The NMEs yielded reproducible analyses, while machine learning allowed us to predict the analytical responses from NME electrodeposition data. By taking advantage of the high surface area and accessible structure of the NMEs, these structures provided a sensitivity for [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- that was 5.5× higher than that of bare WEs while also delivering a moderate antibiofouling property in undiluted human plasma. As a proof of concept, these electrodes were applied toward the fast (22 min) and simple determination of Staphylococcus aureus by monitoring the oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4-, which acted as a cellular respiration rate redox reporter. The sensors also showed a wide dynamic range, spanning 5 orders of magnitude, and a calculated limit of detection of 0.2 CFU mL-1.

RESUMO

The fish fauna of the Tocantins River possesses many endemic species; however, it is little studied in molecular terms and is quite threatened by the construction of several hydroelectric dams. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the ichthyofauna of the Tocantins River using DNA barcoding. For this, collections were carried out in five points of this river, which resulted in the capture of 725 individuals from which partial sequences of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were obtained for genetic analysis. A total of 443 haplotypes were recovered with the mean intraspecific K2P genetic distance of 1.82%. Altogether, 138 species were identified based on morphological criteria, which was a quantity that was much lower than that indicated by the four molecular methods (assemble species by automatic partitioning [ASAP], barcode index number [BIN], generalized mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC), and Bayesian Poisson tree processes [bPTP]) through which 152-157 molecular entities were identified. In all, 41 unique BINs were obtained based on the data generated in the BOLDSystems platform. According to the result indicated by ASAP (species delimitation approach considered the most appropriate in the present study), there was an increase of 17 molecular entities (12.32%), when compared to the number of species identified through their morphological criteria, as it can show cryptic diversity, candidates for new species, and misidentifications. There were 21 incongruities indicated between the different identification approaches for species. Therefore, it is suggested that these taxonomic problems be cautiously evaluated by experts to solve such taxonomic issues.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Multiplexing is a valuable strategy to boost throughput and improve clinical accuracy. Exploiting the vertical, meshed design of reproducible and low-cost ultra-dense electrochemical chips, the unprecedented single-response multiplexing of typical label-free biosensors is reported. Using a cheap, handheld one-channel workstation and a single redox probe, that is, ferro/ferricyanide, the recognition events taking place on two spatially resolved locations of the same working electrode can be tracked along a single voltammetry scan by collecting the electrochemical signatures of the probe in relation to different quasi-reference electrodes, Au (0 V) and Ag/AgCl ink (+0.2 V). This spatial isolation prevents crosstalk between the redox tags and interferences over functionalization and binding steps, representing an advantage over the existing non-spatially resolved single-response multiplex strategies. As proof of concept, peptide-tethered immunosensors are demonstrated to provide the duplex detection of COVID-19 antibodies, thereby doubling the throughput while achieving 100% accuracy in serum samples. The approach is envisioned to enable broad applications in high-throughput and multi-analyte platforms, as it can be tailored to other biosensing devices and formats.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A Organização Mundial da Saúde preconiza que mudemos a forma como pensamos, sentimos e agimos com relação à idade e ao envelhecimento, lutando contra o idadismo direcionado à pessoa idosa - o conjunto de estereótipos, preconceitos e discriminação contra esse grupo. Diante do papel da fonoaudiologia na gerontologia, do impacto possível do idadismo no cuidado fonoaudiológico e por desconhecermos trabalhos semelhantes ao aqui proposto, objetivamos discutir o idadismo entre estudantes e profissionais da Fonoaudiologia. Realizou-se revisão integrativa de literatura, buscando-se artigos, em abril de 2023, a partir dos termos "idadismo" e "fonoaudiologia" nas bases Scientific Electronic Library On-line (SciELO), Literatura Latinoamericana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Public Medicine Library (PubMed). Incluíram-se todas as referências publicadas nos últimos 15 anos sobre o tema, bem como as pesquisas pertinentes à revisão citadas nestes artigos. Foram encontradas cinco pesquisas, todas quantitativas, publicadas entre 2003 e 2021, duas realizadas nos Estados Unidos, duas no Chile e uma no Brasil. O idadismo foi avaliado como preconceito, como conhecimento indevido sobre o envelhecimento, atitudeinadequada com relação aos idosos e como estereótipo sobre eles, e foi encontrado em estudantes na metade (n=2) dos estudos que os investigaram, num deles sob a forma de conhecimento inadequado e no outro sob a forma de preconceito. Ademais, o idadismo esteve presente em fonoaudiólogos em um dos quatro estudos que os avaliaram, apresentado como estereótipo positivo. Os resultados desta revisão não são generalizáveis, mas podem fundamentar reflexões com repercussões no cuidado fonoaudiológico prestado a pessoas idosas e evidenciam a necessidade de mais pesquisas. (AU)

The World Health Organization Combating proposes combating ageism toward older persons- conceptualized as stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination against older people. Due to the role of speech and language pathologist (SLP) and audiologist in gerontology, because of the possible impact of ageism in caring for older persons and because we didn't find studies similar to this research, we aimed to discuss ageism between SLP and Audiology professionals and students. We conducted an integrative review, searching articles, in 2023 April, by terms "ageism" and "SLP" in the scientific bases Scientific Electronic Library On-line (SciELO), Literatura Latinoamericana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Public Medicine Library (PubMed). All the research published in the last 15 years about the theme were included, as well as the theme-related cited in these researches. There were found five articles, all quantitative, published between 2003 and 2021, two in the United States of America, two in Chile and one in Brazil. Ageism was evaluated as prejudice, inadequate knowledge about the aging, inadequate attitude toward older persons and stereotypes about them. Ageism was found in half (n=2) of the studies that investigated SLP students, evidenced as inadequate knowledge in one of them and as prejudice in the other. Between SLP professionals, ageism was found in one of four studies, evidenced as a positive stereotype. The results are not generalizable, but they can stimulate reflections about repercussions in the care of aged persons and it points to the necessity of more studies. (AU)

La Organización Mundial de la Salud propones la lucha contra el edadismo - conoscido como estereotipos, prejuicios y discriminación contra las personas mayores. Debido al papel de la logopedia en gerontología y a la posibilidad de edadismo perjudicar el cuidado a las personas mayores, y porque desconocemos trabajos similares a nuestro, estudiamos el edadismo entre estudiantes y profesionales de Logopedia. Se desarrolló una revisión integrativa. Se buscaron artículos, en abril de 2023, por los términos "edadismo" y "logopedia" en las bases científicas Scientific Electronic Library On-line (SciELO), Literatura Latinoamericana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Public Medicine Library (PubMed). Se incluyeron todas las investigaciones sobre el tema publicadas en los últimos 15 años, y aquellas relacionadas con el tema citadas en estas investigaciones. Se encontraron cinco artículos, todos cuantitativos, publicados entre 2003 y 2021, dos de los cuales fueron realizados en Estados Unidos de América, dos en Chile y uno en Brasil. La discriminación por edad se evaluó como prejuicio, conocimiento inadecuado sobre el proceso de envejecimiento, actitud inadecuada hacia las personas mayores y estereotipos sobre esas personas. La discriminación por edad se encontró en la mitad (n=2) de los estudios sobre este grupo, evidenciada como conocimiento inadecuado en uno y como prejuicio en otro. Entre los logopedas, en uno de los cuatro estudios se encontró discriminación por edad, como un estereotipo positivo. Los resultados no son generalizables, pero pueden estimular reflexiones sobre las repercusiones en el cuidado gerontológico y señalar la necesidad de realizar más estudios. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

For more than three decades, major efforts in sampling and analyzing tree diversity in South America have focused almost exclusively on trees with stems of at least 10 and 2.5 cm diameter, showing highest species diversity in the wetter western and northern Amazon forests. By contrast, little attention has been paid to patterns and drivers of diversity in the largest canopy and emergent trees, which is surprising given these have dominant ecological functions. Here, we use a machine learning approach to quantify the importance of environmental factors and apply it to generate spatial predictions of the species diversity of all trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm) and for very large trees (dbh ≥ 70 cm) using data from 243 forest plots (108,450 trees and 2832 species) distributed across different forest types and biogeographic regions of the Brazilian Amazon. The diversity of large trees and of all trees was significantly associated with three environmental factors, but in contrasting ways across regions and forest types. Environmental variables associated with disturbances, for example, the lightning flash rate and wind speed, as well as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation, tend to govern the diversity of large trees. Upland rainforests in the Guiana Shield and Roraima regions had a high diversity of large trees. By contrast, variables associated with resources tend to govern tree diversity in general. Places such as the province of Imeri and the northern portion of the province of Madeira stand out for their high diversity of species in general. Climatic and topographic stability and functional adaptation mechanisms promote ideal conditions for species diversity. Finally, we mapped general patterns of tree species diversity in the Brazilian Amazon, which differ substantially depending on size class.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In Brazil, millions of people live in areas with risk of schistosomiasis, a neglected chronic disease with high morbidity. The Schistosoma mansoni helminth is present in all macroregions of Brazil, including the State of Minas Gerais, one of the most endemic states. For this reason, the identification of potential foci is essential to support educational and prophylactic public policies to control this disease. This study aims to model schistosomiasis data based on spatial and temporal aspects and assess the importance of some exogenous socioeconomic variables and the presence of the main Biomphalaria species. Considering that, when working with incident cases, a discrete count variable requires an appropriate modeling, the GAMLSS modeling was chosen since it jointly considers a more appropriate distribution for the response variable due to zero inflation and spatial heteroscedasticity. Several municipalities presented high incidence values from 2010 to 2012, and a downward trend was observed until 2020. We also noticed that the distribution of incidence behaves differently in space and time. Municipalities with dams presented risk 2.25 times higher than municipalities without dams. The presence of B. glabrata was associated with the risk of schistosomiasis. On the other hand, the presence of B. straminea represented a lower risk of the disease. Thus, the control and monitoring of B. glabrata snails is essential to control and eliminate schistosomiasis; and the GAMLSS model was effective in the treatment and modeling of spatio-temporal data.

No Brasil, milhões de pessoas vivem em áreas de risco para a esquistossomose, uma doença negligenciada, de caráter crônico e com elevada morbidade. O helminto Schistosoma mansoni está presente em todas as macrorregiões, incluindo o Estado de Minas Gerais, um dos mais endêmicos. Por essa razão, a identificação de potenciais focos é fundamental para subsidiar políticas públicas de cunho educativo e profilático no controle desse desfecho. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho consiste em modelar dados de esquistossomose em relação aos aspectos espaciais e temporais, além de avaliar a importância de algumas variáveis exógenas socioeconômicas e a presença das principais espécies de Biomphalaria. Como trabalhar com casos incidentes, uma variável discreta de contagem, exige uma modelagem apropriada, foi escolhida a modelagem GAMLSS por considerar conjuntamente uma distribuição mais adequada à variável resposta devido à inflação de zeros e à heterocedasticidade espacial. Verificaram-se valores elevados de incidência em diversos municípios de 2010 a 2012 e uma tendência de queda até 2020. Também foi identificado que a distribuição da incidência se comporta de maneira diferente no espaço e no tempo. Municípios com barragem apresentaram risco 2,25 vezes maior do que os que não a continham. A presença de B. glabrata foi relacionada ao risco de ocorrência da doença. Por outro lado, a presença de B. straminea refletiu em menor risco de ocorrência da esquistossomose. Conclui-se que o controle e o acompanhamento dos caramujos da B. glabrata podem ser fundamentais para a contenção e a eliminação da esquistossomose e o modelo GAMLSS foi eficaz para tratamento e modelagem de dados espaçotemporais.

En Brasil, millones de personas viven en áreas de riesgo de esquistosomiasis, una enfermedad crónica desatendida y con alta morbilidad. El helminto Schistosoma mansoni está presente en todas las macrorregiones, incluido el Estado de Minas Gerais, uno de los más endémicos del país. Por ello, la identificación de potenciales brotes es fundamental para promover políticas públicas de carácter educativo y profiláctico en el control de este desenlace. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es modelar datos sobre esquistosomiasis con respecto a aspectos espaciotemporales, además de evaluar la importancia de algunas variables socioeconómicas exógenas y la presencia de las principales especies de Biomphalaria. Dado que en el trabajo con casos incidentes una variable de conteo discreta requiere un adecuado modelado, se eligió el modelo GAMLSS, ya que en conjunto considera una distribución más adecuada para la variable de respuesta debido a la inflación de ceros y la heterocedasticidad espacial. Se encontraron valores de alta incidencia en varios municipios en el periodo evaluado de 2010 a 2012 y una tendencia a descenso hasta 2020. También se verificó que existe una distribución de incidencia de manera diferente en el espacio y el tiempo. Los municipios con represas presentaban 2,25 veces más riesgo que los que no las tenían. La presencia de B. glabrata estuvo relacionada con el riesgo de la enfermedad. Por otro lado, la presencia de B. straminea ocasionaba un menor riesgo de padecer la enfermedad. Se concluye que el control y seguimiento de caracoles B. glabrata puede ser fundamental para el control y eliminación de la esquistosomiasis y que el modelo GAMLSS resultó ser efectivo para el tratamiento y modelado de datos espaciotemporales.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Platforms based on impedimetric electronic tongue (nonselective sensor) and machine learning are promising to bring disease screening biosensors into mainstream use toward straightforward, fast, and accurate analyses at the point-of-care, thus contributing to rationalize and decentralize laboratory tests with social and economic impacts being achieved. By combining a low-cost and scalable electronic tongue with machine learning, in this chapter, we describe the simultaneous determination of two extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers, i.e., the concentrations of EV and carried proteins, in mice blood with Ehrlich tumor from a single impedance spectrum without using biorecognizing elements. This tumor shows primary features of mammary tumor cells. Pencil HB core electrodes are integrated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chip. The platform shows the highest throughput in comparison with the methods addressed in the literature to determine EV biomarkers.

Assuntos