RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) includes anthropometric, metabolic, and lifestyle factors that predict type 2 diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the FINDRISC modified for Latin America (LA-FINDRISC) as a screening tool for persons with impaired glucose metabolism in Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. METHODS: Subjects aged between 18 and 70 years of both sexes without known diabetes were invited to participate. After informed consent, they were screened with the LA-FINDRISC questionnaire and then given an oral glucose tolerance test, using the American Diabetes Association criteria for diagnosis. To obtain the cutoff point of LA-FINDRISC for predicting impaired glucose regulation, a receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed. RESULTS: A total of 200 subjects were evaluated, 64.5% female, with a mean age of 35.20 ± 13.84 years. Of these, 158 (79%) did not present with carbohydrate metabolism disorder, while 42 (21%) did. Age (p = 0.0001), body mass index (p = 0.011), and waist circumference (p = 0.031) were significantly higher in subjects with impaired glucose regulation when compared to those without it. There were a significantly greater number of sedentary (p = 0.039) and hypertensive subjects (p = 0.0001), as well as those with a history of glucose >100 mg/dL (p = 0.0001), in the impaired glucose metabolism group. A cutoff LA-FINDRISC of 14 points predicted a high risk of impaired glucose regulation with a sensitivity of 45.2% and a specificity of 89.9%. CONCLUSION: A LA-FINDRISC >14 points had low sensitivity but high specificity for predicting carbohydrate metabolism disorders in this group of patients from Ciudad Bolívar.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Glicemia/metabolismo , Feminino , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Curva ROC , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Venezuela , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) is a tool to predict 10-year risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and visceral adiposity is associated with higher cardio-metabolic risk. The objective of the study was to assess the relationship of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness with T2DM risk according to the FINDRISC tool. METHODS: The study was conducted in Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela, and included 55 subjects of whom 37 (67.3%) were women and 18 (32.7%) men with ages between 18 and 75 years. A record was made of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, baseline insulin, plasma lipids, Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and EAT thickness. The FINDRISC tool, with WC cut-off points modified for Latin America (LA-FINDRISC) was used. RESULTS: BMI, WC, plasma insulin concentration, HOMA-IR index, and EAT thickness were higher (P<0.0001) in the high-risk group compared to subjects in the low-moderate risk group according to the LA-FINDRISC. LA-FINDRISC was positively correlated with BMI (r=0.513; P=0.0001), WC (r=0.524; P=0.0001), fasting blood glucose (r=0.396; P=0.003); baseline plasma insulin (r=0.483; P=0.0001); HOMA-IR index (r=0.545; P=.0.0001); and EAT thickness (r=0.702; P=0.0001). The multivariate regression analysis showed that fasting blood glucose (P=0.023) and EAT thickness (P=0.007) remained independently associated with high T2DM risk. CONCLUSIONS: LA-FINDRISC was associated with EAT thickness and insulin resistance markers. Both were independently and directly associated with high risk for diabetes in the LA-FINDRISC category.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adiposidade/fisiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Pericárdio/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Glicemia/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Venezuela , Circunferência da Cintura/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Menopausal transition is critical for the development of early, subclinical vascular damage. Multiple factors, such as atherosclerosis, increased epicardial fat, and endothelial dysfunction can play a role. Hence, the objective of this study was the comparison of epicardial adipose tissue and carotid intima media thickness in order to establish the best predictor of carotid stiffness in middle-aged women with endothelial dysfunction. METHODS: A total of 43 healthy women aged 40-59 years old with endothelial dysfunction previously demonstrated by flow mediated dilation were recruited to have anthropometric, biochemical, hormonal and ultrasound determinations of carotid intima media thickness and epicardial fat thickness. RESULTS: Carotid arterial stiffness parameters (local pulse wave velocity [4.7±0.7 vs 4.8±0.5 vs 5.6±0.5m/s, respectively, p<0.001], pressure strain elastic modulus [55.2±13.4 vs 59.2±11.8 vs 81.9±15.6kPa, respectively, p<0.001], arterial stiffness index ß [4.4±1.4 vs 5.0±1.1 vs 6.4±1.3, respectively, p<0.001]) and epicardial fat thickness (2.98±1.4 vs 3.28±1.9 vs 4.70±1.0mm, respectively, p=0.007) showed a significant and proportional increase in the group of late post-menopausal women when compared to early post-menopausal and pre-menopausal groups, respectively. Among body fat markers, epicardial fat was the strongest predictor of local pulse wave velocity, independent of age. CONCLUSIONS: In menopausal women with endothelial dysfunction, menopausal transition is associated with increased carotid arterial stiffness and epicardial fat thickness, independent of age. Ultrasound measured epicardial fat was a better independent predictor of arterial stiffness than carotid intima media thickness in these women.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Aterosclerose/patologia , Menopausa , Pericárdio/patologia , Adulto , Antropometria , Artérias Carótidas/patologia , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , Estudos Transversais , Módulo de Elasticidade , Endotélio Vascular/patologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Onda de Pulso , Rigidez VascularRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency and the clinical, biochemical, and molecular aspects of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in subjects attending an endocrinology unit. METHODS: An observational, descriptive study evaluating 3,140 subjects attending the endocrinology unit of Centro Médico Orinoco in Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela, from 7 January 2013 to 9 December 2016. The index cases were selected using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria. Plasma lipid levels were measured, and a molecular analysis was performed by DNA sequencing of the LDLR and APOB genes. RESULTS: Ten (0.32%) of the 3,140 study patients had clinical and biochemical characteristics consistent with FH. All but one were female. Three had first-degree relatives with prior premature coronary artery; and none had a personal history of this condition. Three patients were obese; three had high blood pressure; and no one suffered from diabetes. Three patients had a history of tendon xanthomas, and one of corneal arcus. LDL-C levels ranged from 191 to 486mg/dL. Two patients were on statin therapy. The genetic causes of FH were identified in four patients, and were LDLR gene mutations in three of them and an APOB gene mutation in exon 26 in the other. CONCLUSION: Approximately, one out of every 300 people attending this endocrinology unit in those four years had FH, and LDLR gene mutations were the most prevalent cause.
Assuntos
Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropometria , Apolipoproteínas B/genética , Criança , Comorbidade , Endocrinologia , Éxons/genética , Feminino , Unidades Hospitalares , Humanos , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/sangue , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/genética , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9/genética , Receptores de LDL/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Tendões , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Xantomatose/etiologiaRESUMO
AIM: To assess the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] blood concentrations in subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) risk according to the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) modified for Latin America (LA-FINDRISC). METHODS: This study was conducted in Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. Eighty two women and 20 men (53 obese and 49 nonobese), with an average age of 42.6±12.30 years were enrolled. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, basal insulin, plasma lipids, Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and 25(OH)D levels were measured. FINDRISC with WC cutoff points modified for Latin America was applied. RESULTS: No difference in 25(OH)D levels between obese and nonobese subjects was found. When anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical variables according to the 25(OH)D status were compared, the only difference detected was higher LA-FINDRISC in the insufficient/low 25(OH)D group compared to normal 25(OH)D levels group (12.75±6.62; vs 10.15±5.21; p=0.031). LA-FINDRISC was negatively correlated with plasma 25(OH)D levels (r=-0.302; p=0.002) and positively correlated with the HOMA-IR index (r=0.637; p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The LA-FINDRISC significantly correlated with both 25(OH)D levels and insulin resistance markers in this group of patients.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Resistência à Insulina , Obesidade/complicações , Inquéritos e Questionários , Deficiência de Vitamina D/complicações , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/análise , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Jejum/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Venezuela , Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/diagnóstico , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
La metreleptina es un análogo de leptina que ha sido probado en pacientes con patologías derivadas del déficit de leptina. Las lipodistrofias representan un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por deficiencia de leptina, y se asocian con formas severas de síndrome metabólico que incluyen hiperglucemia, hipertrigliceridemia y esteatosis hepática. Estas complicaciones metabólicas pueden posteriormente progresar a diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis aguda y cirrosis hepática. Para el manejo de estas anormalidades, usualmente se requieren diversos tratamientos, pero en estadíos avanzados tienden a ser de difícil manejo. La metreleptina es el producto farmacéutico aprobado por la Administración de Alimentos y Fármacos de los Estados Unidos (FDA) para tratar las complicaciones metabólicas de las lipodistrofias generalizadas. En este artículo, se revisa el perfil farmacólogico de metreleptina y los aspectos clínicos de las lipodistrofias generalizadas. Además, se describen algunos estudios que evaluaron la eficacia y seguridad de metreleptina en pacientes con lipodistrofias generalizadas.
Metreleptin is a synthetic leptin analog that has been trialed in patients with leptin-deficient conditions. Lipodystrophies represent a class of diseases characterized by leptin deficiency, which is associated with a severe form of the metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis. These metabolic complications can progress to diabetes mellitus, acute pancreatitis, and hepatic cirrhosis. For the management of these abnormalities, multiple therapies are usually required, and advances stages may be progressively difficult to treat. Metreleptin is the pharmaceutical derived product that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat the severe metabolic abnormalities of the generalized forms of lipodystrophy. Herein, we review the pharmacological profile of metreleptin, and clinical aspects of generalized lipodystrophies. Further, we examine studies that assessed the efficacy and safety of metreleptin in generalized lipodystrophies.
RESUMO
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of sitagliptin addition on the epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy. This was a 24-week interventional pilot study in 26 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients, 14 females and 12 males average age of 43.8 ± 9.0 years, with Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 7% on metformin monotherapy. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria were added on sitagliptin and started on sitagliptin/metformin combination at the dosage of 50 mg/1000 mg twice daily. EAT and visceral and total body fat were measured, respectively, with echocardiography and bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and after 24 weeks of sitagliptin/metformin treatment in each subject. HbA1c and plasma lipids were also measured. EAT decreased significantly from 9.98 ± 2.63 to 8.10 ± 2.11 mm, p = 0.001, accounting for a percentage of reduction (∆%) of -15% after 24 weeks of sitagliptin addition, whereas total body fat percentage, visceral fat, and body mass index (BMI), decreased by 8, 12, and 7%, respectively (p = 0.001 for all). After 6 month, EAT ∆% was significantly correlated with ∆% of visceral fat (r = 0.456; p = 0.01), whereas no correlation with either BMI ∆% (r = 0.292; p = 0.147) or HbA1c ∆% was found. The addition of Sitagliptin produced a significant and rapid reduction of EAT, marker of organ-specific visceral fat, in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy. EAT as measured with ultrasound can serve as no invasive and accurate marker of visceral fat changes during pharmaceutical interventions targeting the fat.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Obesidade/patologia , Pericárdio/patologia , Fosfato de Sitagliptina/farmacologia , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Adiposidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Quimioterapia Combinada , Impedância Elétrica , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Pericárdio/efeitos dos fármacos , Projetos Piloto , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness with cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) in children and adolescents. METHODS: Seventy-seven subjects of both sexes aged 7-18 years were selected. Medical history, clinical parameters, and glucose, insulin, and lipid levels were collected. EAT thickness was measured using transthoracic echocardiography. Study subjects were divided into two groups based on whether they had less than two or two or more CRFs. RESULTS: The group with two or more CRFs had higher EAT thickness, insulin, and HOMA-IR values (P<.05). EAT thickness showed a statistically significant positive correlation with body mass index (BMI) (r=0.561, P=.0001), waist circumference (r=.549, P=.0001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r=.256, P=.028), insulin (r=0.408, P=.0001), and HOMA-IR (r=.325, P=.005). However, these correlations were not significant after adjustment for BMI. The cut-off point for EAT thickness as predictor of two or more CRFs was 3.17mm. The risk (odds ratio) of having two or more CRFs if EAT thickness was >3.17mm was 3.1 (95% CI: 1.174-8.022). BMI was the independent variable that most affected EAT thickness and the presence of two or more CRFs. CONCLUSION: In this group of children and adolescents, the relationship of EAT thickness with CRFs was found to be dependent on BMI.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias/epidemiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Pericárdio/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Pressão Sanguínea , Criança , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
La incidencia de obesidad ha incrementado en forma significativa, constituyendo en la actualidad un grave problema de salud pública por su asociación frecuente con condiciones médicas tales como diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial sistémica y dislipidemias, que constituyen factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los resultados de las intervenciones terapéuticas tradicionales (dieta, actividad física y tratamiento farmacológico), no han resultado exitosos en alcanzar y mantener la pérdida de peso, lo cual ha generado, en las últimas décadas, el desarrollo de otras modalidades terapéuticas con mejores tasas de respuesta como la cirugía bariátrica. Se requiere una adecuada selección de los posibles candidatos para cirugía bariátrica y conocimiento del manejo post-operatorio a corto y largo plazo.
The incidence of obesity has increased significantly, currently constituting a serious public health problem because of its frequent association with medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia, which are cardiovascular risk factors. The results of traditional therapeutic interventions (diet, physical activity and drug treatment), have not been successful in achieving and maintaining weight loss, which has generated in recent decades the development of other therapeutic modalities with better response rates as bariatric surgery. Proper selection of potential candidates for bariatric surgery and post-operative knowledge of short and long-term management is required.