RESUMO
BACKGROUND: A new classification for periodontitis has been adopted in clinical practice. However, there are still discussions regarding this new classification and difficulties in its adoption, both by professionals and researchers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate which salivary biomarkers are present in periodontitis, following the new classification of periodontal diseases through meta-analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search was carried out in the scientific databases: PubMed, Scielo and Google scholar to select studies. The selection of studies was followed by two authors upon reading of the title, abstract and full text. The necessary data were collected and statistical analyses were performed using the Review Manager statistical software version 5.4, with calculation of Mean Difference, heterogeneity (I²) and funnel plot with P < 0.05. RESULTS: After following the selection criteria, 9 articles were selected for comparison. The studies address the presence of biomarkers in the saliva of patients with periodontitis and their possible use in the monitoring and diagnosis of the disease. For the meta-analytic comparison, a sample size of 1,983 individuals was used. Statistical analyses showed that nitric oxide, IL-6, IL-1B and osteoprotegerin are substances that are significantly present in patients with periodontitis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: IL-6, nitric oxide, IL-1B, TNF-α and osteoprotegerin are among the most present biomarkers in patients with periodontitis, and may be used in the future as a monitoring of periodontal disease. The present study also revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the concentration of these biomarkers for clinical distinction from periodontitis.
Assuntos
Periodontite Crônica , Periodontite , Humanos , Osteoprotegerina , Óxido Nítrico , Interleucina-6 , Periodontite/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores/análise , Saliva/químicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Population ageing poses a challenge for countries in preventing and detecting neurodegenerative disorders. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a short, simple, valid, and reliable screening test, assesses general cognitive status, and is useful in public health contexts. This study aims to normalise and standardise the MoCA test for the Chilean population. METHOD: We performed a descriptive, correlational validation study of the MoCA test, using a sample including 526 healthy individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 90 years, from the north, centre, and south of Chile. We analysed the effects of age, education level, and sex on MoCA performance. RESULTS: Age and education level had a significant impact on general cognitive performance, as determined by MoCA score. Age, education, and sex account for 1%-7% of variance. The mean (standard deviation) score for the total sample was 24.04 (3.22), whereas the normal range originally defined for the instrument is 26-30 points. Older adults with less formal education presented poorer results and lower cognitive performance. We propose a protocol for evaluating results by percentiles and scores for different age ranges, and an individual normalised scalar score. DISCUSSION: We present normative data for the MoCA test in the Chilean population, and propose cut-off points for different age ranges to discriminate normal cognitive performance from neurocognitive disorders; results are adjusted for education level. This proposal would assist in the use of the test and reduce the rate of false positives.
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Disfunção Cognitiva , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Idoso , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Chile , Testes de Estado Mental e Demência , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Cognição , EnvelhecimentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Population ageing poses a challenge for countries in preventing and detecting neurodegenerative disorders. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a short, simple, valid, and reliable screening test, assesses general cognitive status, and is useful in public health contexts. This study aims to normalise and standardise the MoCA test for the Chilean population. METHOD: We performed a descriptive, correlational validation study of the MoCA test, using a sample including 526 healthy individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 90 years, from the north, centre, and south of Chile. We analysed the effects of age, education level, and sex on MoCA performance. RESULTS: Age and education level had a significant impact on general cognitive performance, as determined by MoCA score. Age, education, and sex account for 1-7% of variance. The mean (standard deviation) score for the total sample was 24.04 (3.22), whereas the normal range originally defined for the instrument is 26-30 points. Older adults with less formal education presented poorer results and lower cognitive performance. We propose a protocol for evaluating results by percentiles and scores for different age ranges, and an individual normalised scalar score. DISCUSSION: We present normative data for the MoCA test in the Chilean population, and propose cut-off points for different age ranges to discriminate normal cognitive performance from neurocognitive disorders; results are adjusted for education level. This proposal would assist in the use of the test and reduce the rate of false positives.
RESUMO
Early mobilization is beneficial for critically ill patients because it reduces muscle weakness acquired in intensive care units. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) and passive cycle ergometry (PCE) on the nitrous stress and inflammatory cytometry in critically ill patients. This was a controlled, randomized, open clinical trial carried out in a 16-bed intensive care unit. The patients were randomized into four groups: Control group (n=10), did not undergo any therapeutic intervention during the study; PCE group (n=9), lower-limb PCE for 30 cycles/min for 20 min; FES group (n=9), electrical stimulation of quadriceps muscle for 20 min; and FES with PCE group (n=7), patients underwent PCE and FES, with their order determined randomly. The serum levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and interleukins 6 and 10 were analyzed before and after the intervention. There were no differences in clinical or demographic characteristics between the groups. The results revealed reduced nitric oxide concentrations one hour after using PCE (P<0.001) and FES (P<0.05), thereby indicating that these therapies may reduce cellular nitrosative stress when applied separately. Tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were reduced after the PCE intervention (P=0.049). PCE and FES reduced nitric oxide levels, demonstrating beneficial effects on the reduction of nitrosative stress. PCE was the only treatment that reduced the tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration.
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Estado Terminal/terapia , Citocinas/sangue , Terapia Passiva Contínua de Movimento/métodos , Estresse Nitrosativo/fisiologia , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estado Terminal/reabilitação , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Músculo Quadríceps/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) comprise a range of clinical-pathological alterations that are frequently characterized as architectural and cytological derangements upon histological analysis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been proposed as a critical mechanism for the acquisition of the malignant phenotype in neoplastic epithelial processes. This study aims to systematically review the current findings on the immunohistochemical expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in oral potentially malignant disorders and to evaluate their possible application as biomarkers associated with the progression of oral epithelial dysplasias. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese BioMedical Literature Database, and Cochrane Library. Articles that evaluated the relationship between the expression of EMT markers and the degree of oral epithelial dysplasia were selected for the systematic review. The quality of each eligible study was evaluated by independent reviewers that used operationalized prognostic biomarker reporting guidelines (REMARK). RESULTS: Seventeen articles met all inclusion criteria and were selected. The EMT markers analyzed exhibited an important association with the prognosis of the cases evaluated. The results showed a progressive increase in the expression of nuclear transcription factors and markers of mesenchymal differentiation, as well as negative regulation of epithelial and cell adhesion markers, according to the stage of oral epithelial dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: The dysregulation of expression of important EMT components in oral dysplastic epithelium is a potential prognostic marker in OPMDs.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Biomarcadores , PrognósticoRESUMO
Early mobilization is beneficial for critically ill patients because it reduces muscle weakness acquired in intensive care units. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) and passive cycle ergometry (PCE) on the nitrous stress and inflammatory cytometry in critically ill patients. This was a controlled, randomized, open clinical trial carried out in a 16-bed intensive care unit. The patients were randomized into four groups: Control group (n=10), did not undergo any therapeutic intervention during the study; PCE group (n=9), lower-limb PCE for 30 cycles/min for 20 min; FES group (n=9), electrical stimulation of quadriceps muscle for 20 min; and FES with PCE group (n=7), patients underwent PCE and FES, with their order determined randomly. The serum levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and interleukins 6 and 10 were analyzed before and after the intervention. There were no differences in clinical or demographic characteristics between the groups. The results revealed reduced nitric oxide concentrations one hour after using PCE (P<0.001) and FES (P<0.05), thereby indicating that these therapies may reduce cellular nitrosative stress when applied separately. Tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were reduced after the PCE intervention (P=0.049). PCE and FES reduced nitric oxide levels, demonstrating beneficial effects on the reduction of nitrosative stress. PCE was the only treatment that reduced the tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Terapia Passiva Contínua de Movimento/métodos , Citocinas/sangue , Estado Terminal/terapia , Estresse Nitrosativo/fisiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estado Terminal/reabilitação , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Músculo Quadríceps/fisiopatologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaAssuntos
Canal Anal/anormalidades , Fístula Esofágica/congênito , Fístula Esofágica/diagnóstico por imagem , Esôfago/anormalidades , Cardiopatias Congênitas/diagnóstico por imagem , Rim/anormalidades , Deformidades Congênitas dos Membros/diagnóstico por imagem , Coluna Vertebral/anormalidades , Traqueia/anormalidades , Canal Anal/diagnóstico por imagem , Criança , Fístula Esofágica/terapia , Esôfago/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias Congênitas/terapia , Humanos , Rim/diagnóstico por imagem , Deformidades Congênitas dos Membros/terapia , Masculino , Radiografia , Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Traqueia/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
The systemic immune response of Trichoplusia ni after Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) exposure was evaluated by comparing the expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in Bt-susceptible and -resistant T. ni strains that were either exposed or not to XenTari (Bt-XT). AMP genes were detected by RT-PCR using primers for attacin, gloverin, lebocin, lysozyme, and peptidoglycan recognition peptide (PGRP). In general, AMP genes were detected more frequently in Mexican field strains previously exposed to Bt (SALX and GTOX) than in a Mexican laboratory strain (NL), but expression was similar to the AMP expression in USA laboratory strains (US and USX). Among the AMPs, transcripts for lebocin were the least detected (11.7%) and those for lysozyme were the most detected (84.8%) in all samples. Lebocin was detected only in 2nd instar and pupa. All untreated controls expressed attacin. Attacin and gloverin were not detected in any midgut sample, and their highest detection was in pupa. Lysozyme was rarely detected in 2nd instar larvae from any strain or treatment but was detected in almost all midgut and hemolymph samples. Overall, AMPs were found more in T. ni strains previously exposed to Bt-XT, especially lebocin and globerin (1.8-fold increase) and PGRP (3.8-fold increase). The data suggest that the expression of AMPs in T. ni correlates to previous Bt exposure.
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Bacillus thuringiensis/imunologia , Expressão Gênica , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Lepidópteros/genética , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/imunologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/veterinária , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular , Lepidópteros/imunologia , México , Muramidase/genética , Proteínas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Triatoma dimidiata is one of the major vectors of Chagas disease in Latin America. Its range includes Mexico, all countries of Central America, Colombia, and Ecuador. In light of recent genetic analysis suggesting that the possible origin of this species is the Yucatan peninsula, we have analyzed populations from the state of Yucatan, San Luis Potosi, and Veracruz in Mexico, and a population from the southern region of the Yucatan peninsula located in Northern Guatemala, the region of El Peten. Classical morphometry including principal component, discriminant, sexual dimorphism, and wing asymmetry was analyzed. San Luis Potosi and Veracruz populations were indistinguishable while clearly separate from Yucatan and Peten populations. Despite important genetic differences, Yucatan and Peten populations were highly similar. Yucatan specimens were the smallest in size, while females were larger than males in all populations. Only head characters were necessary to distinguish population level differences, although wing fluctuating asymmetry was present in all populations. These results are discussed in light of recent findings suggesting genetic polymorphism in most populations of Triatoma dimidiata south of Chiapas to Ecuador.
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Insetos Vetores/anatomia & histologia , Triatoma/anatomia & histologia , Asas de Animais/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Feminino , Guatemala , Masculino , México , Análise de Componente Principal , Caracteres SexuaisRESUMO
Triatoma dimidiata is one of the major vectors of Chagas disease in Latin America. Its range includes Mexico, all countries of Central America, Colombia, and Ecuador. In light of recent genetic analysis suggesting that the possible origin of this species is the Yucatan peninsula, we have analyzed populations from the state of Yucatan, San Luis Potosi, and Veracruz in Mexico, and a population from the southern region of the Yucatan peninsula located in Northern Guatemala, the region of El Peten. Classical morphometry including principal component, discriminant, sexual dimorphism, and wing asymmetry was analyzed. San Luis Potosi and Veracruz populations were indistinguishable while clearly separate from Yucatan and Peten populations. Despite important genetic differences, Yucatan and Peten populations were highly similar. Yucatan specimens were the smallest in size, while females were larger than males in all populations. Only head characters were necessary to distinguish population level differences, although wing fluctuating asymmetry was present in all populations. These results are discussed in light of recent findings suggesting genetic polymorphism in most populations of Triatoma dimidiata south of Chiapas to Ecuador.