RESUMO
Diabetic foot (DF) is one of the most devastating complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Infrared thermography has been studied for its potential in early diagnosis and preventive measures against DF ulcers, although its role in the management and prevention of DF complications remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine the average temperatures of different points of the plantar foot using infrared thermography in patients with DM and history of DF (DFa group, at the highest risk of developing foot ulcers) and compare them to people without DM (NoDM group). One hundred and twenty-three feet were included, 63 of them belonged to DFa Group and the other 60 to NoDM Group. The average temperature in the NoDM Group was 27.4 (26.3-28.5) versus 28.6 (26.8-30.3) in the DFa Group (p = .002). There were differences between both groups in temperatures at the metatarsal heads and heels, but not in the arch. Average foot temperatures did not relate to sex, ankle-brachial index, and age, and had a mild correlation with daily temperature (Spearman 0.51, p < .001). Data provided in our study could be useful in establishing a parameter of normal temperatures for high-risk patients. This could serve as a foundational framework for future research and provide reference values, not only for preventative purposes, as commonly addressed in most studies, but also to assess the applicability of thermography in clinical scenarios particularly when one foot cannot serve as a reference, suspected osteomyelitis of the remaining bone, or instances of increased temperature in specific areas which may necessitate adjustments to the insoles in secondary prevention.
RESUMO
Several wound classification systems are used to assess diabetic foot wounds. The recommendations for their use depend on the authors and foot associations. In this study, we compared Saint Elian score system, WIfI classification and Texas in 101 patients with foot wounds, and we followed them for a median of 149 days, finding differences both in the assigned risk and in the association with major amputation and wound healing. Saint Elian and WIfI scores match when Saint Elian is low or high risk but not when it is moderate. WIfI stages correlate with major amputation and wound healing. Saint Elian III correlates with major amputation. Prevalence of major amputations was 41% for WIfI 4 and 83% for Saint Elian III. WIfI 1 and 2 and Saint Elian I had a rate of wound healing of 80% to 85%. Stages 1 and 2 of WIfI score behave similar with regard to wound healing, 82% and 80% (P = .71), and major amputation, 0% and 10% (P = .68). Stages I and II of Saint Elian have the same rates of major amputation, 0% and 8% (P = .66), but not of wound healing, 85% and 51% (P < .05). The optimal cut point for detecting major amputation in Saint Elian is 18, with a sensitivity of 90.9 and specificity of 84.9, but there is no recommended cut point for wound healing. These classifications are validated for their use in diabetic foot wounds and to assess amputation risk, helping physicians make decisions and talk to the patients about prognosis.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Pé Diabético , Amputação Cirúrgica , Diabetes Mellitus/cirurgia , Pé Diabético/diagnóstico , Pé Diabético/epidemiologia , Humanos , Isquemia/diagnóstico , Salvamento de Membro , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Texas/epidemiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
Medical attention of patients with a diabetic foot has been disrupted since de COVID-19 pandemic began, because health systems had to provide care to those patients affected by this disease to the detriment of the control of chronic diseases. Several reports show an increase in amputations during the pandemic, primarily due to the lack of health controls in patients suffering from diabetes or diabetic foot. This could have resulted in later consultation and more severe presentations. We describe three medical cases that had recently been affected by COVID-19 and developed a rare and rapidly evolving diabetic foot that required a major amputation. One possible explanation for this atypical presentation could be that COVID-19 predisposes patients to vein and arterial thrombosis due to systemic inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction and stasis from prolonged immobility. This could have exacerbated chronic ischemia secondary to diabetes in which metabolic disturbances often seen in these patients predispose to atherosclerosis.
La atención de pacientes con pie diabético se vio afectada luego de la aparición de COVID-19, ya que los sistemas de salud debieron dar prioridad a la atención de dicha enfermedad y se restringió el control de las enfermedades crónicas. Existen algunas comunicaciones sobre el aumento de las amputaciones durante la pandemia, el cual fue atribuido principalmente a la falta de controles de los pacientes con diabetes y pie diabético. Esto pudo haber influido en la consulta tardía y en la aparición de presentaciones más graves. Presentamos los casos de tres pacientes con reciente enfermedad por COVID-19 que desarrollaron una forma atípica de pie diabético grave y rápidamente evolutiva cuyo desenlace fue la amputación mayor. Una posible explicación estaría relacionada a que los pacientes con COVID-19 tienen mayor riesgo de enfermedad trombótica, tanto venosa como arterial, debido a la intensa respuesta inflamatoria, la activación plaquetaria, la disfunción endotelial y la estasis sanguínea por inmovilización, que se asocia a esta enfermedad. Esto podría agravar la isquemia crónica que desarrollan las personas con diabetes, causada por el estado metabólico anormal que favorece la ateroesclerosis de todo el árbol vascular.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Diabetes Mellitus , Pé Diabético , Amputação Cirúrgica , Pé Diabético/diagnóstico , Pé Diabético/epidemiologia , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Resumen La atención de pacientes con pie diabético se vio afectada luego de la aparición de COVID-19, ya que los sistemas de salud debieron dar prioridad a la atención de dicha enfermedad y se restringió el control de las enfermedades crónicas. Existen algunas comunicaciones sobre el aumento de las amputaciones durante la pandemia, el cual fue atribuido principalmente a la falta de controles de los pacientes con diabetes y pie diabético. Esto pudo haber influido en la consulta tardía y en la aparición de presentaciones más graves. Presentamos los casos de tres pacientes con reciente enfermedad por COVID-19 que desarrollaron una forma atípica de pie diabético grave y rápidamente evolutiva cuyo desenlace fue la amputación mayor. Una posible explicación estaría relacionada a que los pacientes con COVID-19 tienen mayor riesgo de enfermedad trombótica, tanto venosa como arterial, debido a la intensa respuesta inflamatoria, la activación plaquetaria, la disfunción endotelial y la estasis sanguínea por inmovilización, que se asocia a esta enfermedad. Esto podría agravar la isquemia crónica que desarrollan las personas con diabetes, causada por el estado metabólico anormal que favorece la ateroesclerosis de todo el árbol vascular.
Abstract Medical attention of patients with a diabetic foot has been disrupted since de COVID-19 pandemic began, because health systems had to provide care to those patients affected by this disease to the detriment of the control of chronic diseases. Several reports show an increase in amputations during the pandemic, primarily due to the lack of health controls in patients suffering from diabetes or diabetic foot. This could have resulted in later consultation and more severe presentations. We describe three medical cases that had recently been affected by COVID-19 and developed a rare and rapidly evolving diabetic foot that required a major amputation. One possible explanation for this atypi cal presentation could be that COVID-19 predisposes patients to vein and arterial thrombosis due to systemic inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction and stasis from prolonged immobility. This could have exacerbated chronic ischemia secondary to diabetes in which metabolic disturbances often seen in these patients predispose to atherosclerosis.
RESUMO
Diabetic foot infections are related to severe complications and constitute the main reason for diabetes-related hospitalization and lower limb amputations. A diabetic foot infection requires prompt actions to avoid progression of the infected wound; a soft tissue sample has to be taken for microbiological culture and empiric antibiotic therapy must be started immediately. Empiric antibiotic schemes should be chosen based on the severity of the infection and the local prevalence of microbial causal agents. Therefore, it is important to monitor these indicators. The aim of this study was to determine which microorganisms were more prevalent in cultures of diabetic foot infections during 2018 and what antibiotic combination was better to cover local microbiology, compared with data available from 2015 for a similar cohort. A total of 68 positive cultures were obtained of 72 soft tissue specimens analyzed. The most frequent microorganisms were Gram negative (47.1%), and resulted significantly more frequent than in 2015 (24.6%) p = 0.01. These Gram negative germs also resulted more sensitive to ciprofloxacin than in 2015 (62.5% vs. 25.0%) p = 0.03. Amoxicillin-clavulanate plus ciprofloxacin was the optimal combination therapy in 2018, while in 2015 it was amoxicillin-clavulanate plus trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. In agreement with these results, we recommend amoxicillin-clavulanate plus ciprofloxacin as the empiric antibiotic regimen of choice for soft tissue infections in diabetic foot. We consider surveillance of local microbiology to be an important tool in the management of diabetic foot infections.
Las infecciones del pie diabético se asocian a complicaciones graves y constituyen la principal causa de hospitalización relacionada con diabetes y amputación de miembros inferiores. Para evitar su progresión, se requiere una conducta inicial rápida y adecuada que incluye toma de muestras para cultivos e inicio inmediato de tratamiento antibiótico empírico, según las características de las lesiones y la prevalencia local de microorganismos. Por ello, es necesario conocer y vigilar la microbiología local y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la frecuencia de gérmenes en infecciones de pie diabético en pacientes ambulatorios asistidos en nuestro hospital en 2018 e identificar el esquema antibiótico con mayor cobertura, en comparación con los resultados de un estudio similar realizado en 2015. Fueron analizadas 72 muestras tomadas mediante punción por piel sana de partes blandas. Entre los 68 gérmenes aislados, los Gram negativos fueron los más frecuentes (47.1%), lo que representa un aumento significativo en relación a la frecuencia observada en 2015 (24.6%) p = 0.01 y un aumento de la sensibilidad a ciprofloxacina de 25% a 62.5% (p=0.03). El esquema con mayor cobertura fue amoxicilina-clavulánico con ciprofloxacina (77.9%) mientras que en 2015 fue amoxicilina-clavulánico con trimetoprima sulfametoxazol. La vigilancia de la microbiología local es fundamental para la elección del antibiótico empírico en las infecciones de pie diabético. En nuestro hospital, cuando la infección es de partes blandas, se recomienda la combinación amoxicilina-clavulánico más ciprofloxacina como esquema antibiótico empírico según los hallazgos de este estudio.
Assuntos
Combinação Amoxicilina e Clavulanato de Potássio/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Pé Diabético/tratamento farmacológico , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Pé Diabético/etiologia , Pé Diabético/microbiologia , Quimioterapia Combinada , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/classificação , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecção dos Ferimentos/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção dos Ferimentos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Las infecciones del pie diabético se asocian a complicaciones graves y constituyen la principal causa de hospitalización relacionada con diabetes y amputación de miembros inferiores. Para evitar su progresión, se requiere una conducta inicial rápida y adecuada que incluye toma de muestras para cultivos e inicio inmediato de tratamiento antibiótico empírico, según las características de las lesiones y la prevalencia local de microorganismos. Por ello, es necesario conocer y vigilar la microbiología local y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la frecuencia de gérmenes en infecciones de pie diabético en pacientes ambulatorios asistidos en nuestro hospital en 2018 e identificar el esquema antibiótico con mayor cobertura, en comparación con los resultados de un estudio similar realizado en 2015. Fueron analizadas 72 muestras tomadas mediante punción por piel sana de partes blandas. Entre los 68 gérmenes aislados, los Gram negativos fueron los más frecuentes (47.1%), lo que representa un aumento significativo en relación a la frecuencia observada en 2015 (24.6%) p = 0.01 y un aumento de la sensibilidad a ciprofloxacina de 25% a 62.5% (p=0.03). El esquema con mayor cobertura fue amoxicilina-clavulánico con ciprofloxacina (77.9%) mientras que en 2015 fue amoxicilina-clavulánico con trimetoprima sulfametoxazol. La vigilancia de la microbiología local es fundamental para la elección del antibiótico empírico en las infecciones de pie diabético. En nuestro hospital, cuando la infección es de partes blandas, se recomienda la combinación amoxicilina-clavulánico más ciprofloxacina como esquema antibiótico empírico según los hallazgos de este estudio.
Diabetic foot infections are related to severe complications and constitute the main reason for diabetes-related hospitalization and lower limb amputations. A diabetic foot infection requires prompt actions to avoid progression of the infected wound; a soft tissue sample has to be taken for microbiological culture and empiric antibiotic therapy must be started immediately. Empiric antibiotic schemes should be chosen based on the severity of the infection and the local prevalence of microbial causal agents. Therefore, it is important to monitor these indicators. The aim of this study was to determine which microorganisms were more prevalent in cultures of diabetic foot infections during 2018 and what antibiotic combination was better to cover local microbiology, compared with data available from 2015 for a similar cohort. A total of 68 positive cultures were obtained of 72 soft tissue specimens analyzed. The most frequent microorganisms were Gram negative (47.1%), and resulted significantly more frequent than in 2015 (24.6%) p = 0.01. These Gram negative germs also resulted more sensitive to ciprofloxacin than in 2015 (62.5% vs. 25.0%) p = 0.03. Amoxicillin-clavulanate plus ciprofloxacin was the optimal combination therapy in 2018, while in 2015 it was amoxicillin-clavulanate plus trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. In agreement with these results, we recommend amoxicillin-clavulanate plus ciprofloxacin as the empiric antibiotic regimen of choice for soft tissue infections in diabetic foot. We consider surveillance of local microbiology to be an important tool in the management of diabetic foot infections.