RESUMO
Worldwide rotaviruses A (RVA) are responsible for approximately 215,000 deaths annually among children aged <5â¯years. RVA G1P[8] remains associated with >50% of gastroenteritis cases in this age group. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic variability of G1P[8] strains detected in children with severe diarrhea in Belém, Pará, Brazil, during the post-rotavirus vaccine introduction era. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the VP4 and VP7 genes of 40 samples selected between 2009 and 2011 into lineages found to be different from the Rotarix® vaccine strain. A detailed investigation of their complete genotype constellations identified 2 reassortant viruses (5%), resulting from reassortments between the genogroups Wa-like and DS-1-like (G1-P[8]-I1-R2-C1-M1-A1-N1-T2-E1-H1) and Wa-like and AU-1-like (G1-P[8]-I1-R3-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1) genotype constellations. A comparison of the amino acid residues presents in the antigenic epitopes of VP7 and VP4, showed differences in the electrostatic charges distribution, between wild type Brazilian strains and the Rotarix® and RotaTeq® vaccine strains. These findings reflect the structural analyses of the antigenic regions of VP7 and VP4 of the RVA G1P[8] in children with gastroenteritis in Northern Brazil raising the hypothesis that structural modifications at these sites over time may account for the emergence of new strains that could possibly pose a challenge to current vaccines.
Assuntos
Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/virologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , Rotavirus/classificação , Rotavirus/genética , Antígenos Virais/química , Antígenos Virais/genética , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Variação Genética , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Filogenia , Vírus Reordenados/genética , Vírus Reordenados/imunologia , Rotavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/prevenção & controle , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the effect of sodium fluoride and chlorhexidine on salivary levels of mutans streptococci (MS), in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Thirty-five healthy volunteers, aged 4-8 years, with at least one active carious lesion and no previous history of allergies were selected to participate in the study. A gel formulation containing either 1.23% sodium fluoride or 1% chlorhexidine was topically administered to the dentition every 24 h for 6 consecutive days. Salivary MS levels were measured at baseline (D1) and on the 6th (D6), 15th (D15), and 30th (D30) days. For microbiological analysis, Mitis Salivarius-Bacitracin agar medium was used. RESULTS: Difference between treatments was only verified on D6. On the last day of treatment 1% chlorhexidine gel was significantly more effective than fluoride (P = 0.0000). The use of sodium fluoride did not cause a statistically significant variation in salivary MS levels throughout the duration of the study. Following treatment, a subsequent increase in MS counts between D6 and D15 (P = 0.0001) was observed with chlorhexidine. CONCLUSION: A 6-day treatment with a 1% chlorhexidine gel was effective in reducing salivary MS; there was a significant MS increase once treatment was suspended. The use of 1.23% sodium fluoride under the same regimen was not able to reduce salivary MS levels. Our results suggest repeated treatment with 1% chlorhexidine as a means for maintaining low salivary MS levels in children with dental caries.
Assuntos
Cariostáticos/uso terapêutico , Clorexidina/uso terapêutico , Cárie Dentária/tratamento farmacológico , Fluoreto de Sódio/uso terapêutico , Streptococcus mutans/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Tópica , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Fluoretos Tópicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Saliva/microbiologiaRESUMO
The GH deficiency syndrome in adults is characterized by changes in body composition, metabolic, cardiovascular and psychological profile. Such alterations fit the metabolic syndrome. Changes of blood pressure (BP) levels related to the presence of insulin resistance (IR) may be present in the GH-deficient adult prior to or after therapy with recombinant GH (hGH). The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between BP and IR in GH-deficient adults after 24 months of replacement with hGH. Thirteen GH-deficient adults were studied [7 men and 6 women, with an average age of 38.6+/-14.14 yr body mass index (BMI) 25.83+/-2.26 kg/m2]. The BP was assessed by means of ambulatory monitoring of BP (AMBP), prior to the treatment and 12 and 24 months after replacement with hGH. Glucose metabolism was assessed by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), during the same periods. The average dosage of hGH utilized was 0.67+/-0.15 mg/day. In the analysis of BP levels, we observed a decrease of the diurnal systolic BP (SB P) (p=0.043) and a reduction of the diurnal systolic (p=0.002) and diastolic pressure loads (p=0.038). During the night there were no changes in BP levels. We observed an increase in the percentage of patients with a non-physiological nocturnal fall (non dippers) after replacement with hGH (61.53%). The mean HOMA, insulin and glucose in the fasting state did not present any statistically significant changes. Although the patients within the nondipper group had higher HOMA and insulin levels throughout the study, there were no changes in any of these parameters after GH replacement. All patients with HOMA >2.5 were within the non-dipper group, whereas all dippers had HOMA <2.5. In conclusion, 24 months of therapy with hGH do not seem to have affected glucose homeostasis, and since there is no relationship with the increase of the percentage of non-physiological nocturnal fall, we will need a longer observation time to discover the effects of this finding.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Ritmo Circadiano , Nanismo Hipofisário/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal/efeitos adversos , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/uso terapêutico , Hipotensão/induzido quimicamente , Resistência à Insulina , Adulto , Glicemia/análise , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Feminino , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
To evaluate the variation of serum IGF-1 levels during GH replacement and observe gender differences, 29 adults with GH deficiency (mean age 42.5 +/- 10.1 year), were studied. Serum IGF-1 was assessed every 4 weeks during the titration period and afterwards every 3 months of GH therapy. At baseline 77.7% of women and 45.4% of men had serum baseline IGF-1 levels below the lower limit of normal age-related reference range. The time to reach the maintenance dose was lower in men than women (p < 0.05). There was an increase in IGF-1 levels after one year of GH therapy, significant only in men (p < 0.01). IGF-1 concentrations were higher in men than women (p < 0.05), at the 12th and 18th months of GH therapy. GH dose was reduced by 25% in men (p < 0.01). At the end of the study the mean GH dose was lower in men than in women (p < 0.05). The factor responsible for these findings is not known, however a possible role of androgens has been suggested.
Assuntos
Terapia de Reposição Hormonal/métodos , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/deficiência , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Administração Oral , Adulto , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Estrogênios/administração & dosagem , Estrogênios/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
La diabetes tipo MODY es una forma de diabetes tipo 2 que se presenta en pacientes menores de 25 años y con una forma de herencia autosómica dominante. Hasta el presente, las alteraciones genéticas descriptas en este tipo de pacientes determinan hiposecreción de insulina. De acuerdo a estas alteraciones,la diabetes tipo MODY se clasifica en MODY 1, que presenta mutaciones en el gen del factor nuclear hepático 4 alfa; MODY 2, con mutaciones en el gen de la enzima glucoquinasa; MODY 3, con mutaciones en el factor nuclear hepático 1a; y MODY 4, con mutaciones en el gen del factor promotor de insulina 1 y el gen del factor nuclear hepático 1ß...(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Biologia MolecularRESUMO
La diabetes tipo MODY es una forma de diabetes tipo 2 que se presenta en pacientes menores de 25 años y con una forma de herencia autosómica dominante. Hasta el presente, las alteraciones genéticas descriptas en este tipo de pacientes determinan hiposecreción de insulina. De acuerdo a estas alteraciones,la diabetes tipo MODY se clasifica en MODY 1, que presenta mutaciones en el gen del factor nuclear hepático 4 alfa; MODY 2, con mutaciones en el gen de la enzima glucoquinasa; MODY 3, con mutaciones en el factor nuclear hepático 1a; y MODY 4, con mutaciones en el gen del factor promotor de insulina 1 y el gen del factor nuclear hepático 1ß...
Assuntos
Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Biologia MolecularRESUMO
Nitric oxide (NO) is a novel chemical messenger that mediates a variety of biological actions. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of NO on parietal cell function. The rate of [3H]arginine conversion to [3H]citrulline, a parameter of NO synthase activity, and NO formation (as NO2-), were inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), in a concentration-dependent manner in the non-stimulated toad gastric mucosa. This range of concentrations of L-NAME provoked stimulation of H+ secretion in a similar fashion, which was blocked by L-arginine but not by D-arginine. Pre-treatment with carbachol plus ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) prevented the effect of L-NAME on H+ secretion and drastically reduced NO synthase activity. L-arginine had an inhibitory effect on H+ secretion in non-stimulated and carbachol-stimulated gastric mucosa, which was reversed by L-NAME. Carbachol and pentagastrin, but not histamine, significantly increased NO formation in the toad gastric mucosa. The results suggest that changes in NO synthesis in the gastric mucosa may modulate parietal cell function and that a calcium-dependent mechanism may be involved.
Assuntos
Ácido Gástrico/metabolismo , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , 1-Metil-3-Isobutilxantina/farmacologia , Animais , Arginina/farmacologia , Bufo marinus , Carbacol/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Mucosa Gástrica/citologia , Mucosa Gástrica/enzimologia , Histamina/farmacologia , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Parassimpatomiméticos/farmacologia , Células Parietais Gástricas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Parietais Gástricas/enzimologia , Células Parietais Gástricas/metabolismo , Pentagastrina/farmacologia , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/farmacologia , PrótonsRESUMO
Con el objetivo de conocer los factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en una determinada muestra de población, intentando salvar factores distorsionantes como la edad, la desiguladad en las condiciones del hogar y la presión laboral entre otros, se realiza el presente estudio en el curso de la convención anual de ejecutivos de la empresa farmaceútica Merck, Sharp & Dohme de España, celebrada en 1991. De un universo de 200 asistentes, se seleccionaron 70 varones y 68 mujeres con edades entre 24 y 45 años, a quienes se les realizó una encuesta personal según el formulario (The coronary risk profile program). Las variables somáticas estudiadas fueron los pliegues cutáneos (tricipital, bicipital, escapular y suprailíaco) y el peso. Las variables fisiológicas medidas fueron la capacidad vital, la fuerza dinanométrica, la tensión arterial y el colesterol sérico total. Se utilizó el programa BMDP para el análisis factorial en componentes principales. No se encontró una clara asociación entre la hipercolesterolemia y la hipertensión arterial, aunque dicha asociación es mucho más patente en las mujeres. El sexo sigue siendo uno de los condicionantes básicos sobre el cual se puede realizar una estimación de la morbilidad. Los hombres presentan un acúmulo troncal de la grasa corporal. Las mujeres al parecer son menos receptivas a los factores
Assuntos
Hipertensão/etiologia , Hipercolesterolemia/etiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Fatores de Risco , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
The effects of pure ethanol and some alcoholic beverages on acid secretion and metabolism were examined in the isolated toad gastric mucosa. Pure ethanol applied to the luminal side or to the submucosal side at low concentrations (2%-10%) was a potent stimulant of acid secretion, whereas high concentrations (greater than or equal to 20%) were inhibitory. Cimetidine and calcium-free solutions did not abolish the secretory effect of ethanol. Beer and wine, but not rum and whisky, caused a significant stimulation of acid secretion. Respiration was progressively increased by ethanol at concentrations between 2% and 20%. This effect was not affected by cimetidine or by SCH 28080, an inhibitor of the gastric hydrogen-potassium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. Ethanol (10%) significantly increased by 46% the tissue lactate-pyruvate ratio. The oxidations of glucose, butyrate, and acetate were progressively reduced by low concentrations of ethanol (5% and 10%). The results indicate that (a) low concentrations of ethanol and alcoholic beverages with low ethanol content are direct stimulants of acid secretion and (b) the secretory and metabolic effects of low concentrations of ethanol seem to be mediated via its oxidation.
Assuntos
Etanol/farmacologia , Ácido Gástrico/metabolismo , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Álcool Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Bebidas Alcoólicas , Animais , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Cerveja , Bufo marinus , Cimetidina/farmacologia , Mucosa Gástrica/química , Mucosa Gástrica/enzimologia , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Lactatos/análise , Ácido Láctico , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Piruvatos/análise , Ácido Pirúvico , Taxa Secretória/efeitos dos fármacos , VinhoRESUMO
The role of extracellular Ca2+ in metabolic effects induced by theophylline and histamine was investigated in the isolated toad gastric mucosa. Primary and secondary effects on metabolism were differentiated by using K(+)-free solutions, which blocked the secretory responses but not the metabolic ones. The stimulation of respiration induced by theophylline and histamine was dose dependent and was significantly decreased by Ca2(+)-free solutions. In the presence of 1.8 mM Ca2+, the rate of glycogen breakdown was increased by theophylline in a dose-dependent manner and the dose-response curve was somewhat similar to that obtained with oxygen uptake. This effect was inhibited by incubation in Ca2(+)-free solutions. Ca2+ stimulated the rate of glycogen utilization in a concentration-dependent manner. The rates of oxidation of exogenous glucose and pyruvate were significantly inhibited by Ca2(+)-free solutions in theophylline- and histamine-stimulated mucosa, whereas the rates of oxidation of butyrate and acetate were not significantly affected. The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 significantly stimulated the rate of oxygen uptake and this response was not blocked by omeprazole and Sch 28080, two specific inhibitors of gastric H(+)-K(+)-ATPase. The results indicate that Ca2+ is required for optimal stimulation of carbohydrate catabolism in the toad gastric mucosa.