RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major public health problem to which young people are highly exposed and knowledge about vulnerabilities that affect them is needed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge about STIs and sexual behavior of a university population in the city of Sorocaba/SP. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with data collection realized by an online application with qualitative and quantitative characteristics. RESULTS: Four hundred and seventy-seven (477) university students from different areas of knowledge were analyzed. The majority pointed to the beginning of sexual life between 15 and 18 years old. Information about sex education was obtained mainly through parents and/ or guardians, while little additional knowledge was obtained after entering higher education. Biological and Health Sciences students achieved a higher score on the knowledge questionnaire and were less likely (0.391) to contract STIs when compared to Applied Social Sciences or Engineering students (2.8 and 2.9 more likely, respectively). CONCLUSION: Students who demonstrated greater knowledge about STIs and acquired more information on the subject during graduation were less likely to become infected, suggesting that campaigns aimed at the university public are essential for the prevention and control of these pathogens.
INTRODUÇÃO: As infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) são um grande problema de saúde pública, ao qual os jovens apresentam alta exposição, sendo necessário um maior conhecimento sobre as vulnerabilidades que os acometem. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o conhecimento sobre as IST e o comportamento sexual de uma população universitária na cidade de Sorocaba/SP. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com a coleta de dados realizada por meio de aplicação online de questionário com características qualitativas e quantitativas. RESULTADOS: Quatrocentos e setenta e sete (477) universitários de diferentes áreas de conhecimento foram avaliados. A maioria dos relatos apontou para o início da vida sexual entre 15 e 18 anos. As informações sobre educação sexual foram obtidas principalmente por intermédio dos pais e/ou responsáveis, enquanto pouco conhecimento adicional foi obtido após o ingresso no Ensino Superior. Estudantes de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde alcançaram o maior score no questionário sobre conhecimento e apresentaram chances menores (0,391) de contrair IST, quando comparados aos estudantes de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas ou Engenharias (2,8 e 2,9 mais chances, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Os estudantes que demonstraram maior conhecimento sobre as IST e que adquiriram mais informações sobre o tema durante a graduação apresentaram chances menores de se infectar, o que sugere que campanhas destinadas ao público universitário são essenciais para a prevenção e o controle desses patógenos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Comportamento Sexual , Educação Sexual , Estudantes , Universidades , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Comportamento ReprodutivoRESUMO
Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to identify which types of skin reactions are associated with slime toys and which of their ingredients are most frequently involved in cases of poisoning. Data source: Between January and July 2021, articles were selected using PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases. The following descriptors were used: (dermatitis OR rash OR eczema OR inflammation) AND slime. Inclusion criteria were articles available in full, in either Portuguese, English, or Spanish, published between January 2000 and July 31, 2021, and articles reporting cases of contact dermatitis or eczema potentially or directly attributed to slime toys. Articles not meeting these criteria and duplicate texts in the databases were excluded. Data synthesis: In total, 65 publications were identified, of which 16 were included in this review. This resulted in a total of 22 children (2 males, 20 females), aged between 4 and 13 years, who were reportedly intoxicated by slime toys, most of these being linked to homemade preparations. Studies reported the occurrence of contact or allergic dermatitis on hands, fingers, nails, forearms, and cheeks. The most allergenic and/or irritant ingredients included liquid detergent and soap. Additionally, patch tests identified positive reactions to methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone, the preservatives used by chemical industries on preparation of glue, soap, detergents, etc. Conclusions: Although slime toys might be important for improving motor development and parental relationships, homemade slime toy recipes include several allergenic and irritant ingredients which might be exposed to vulnerable children and cause intoxications. Therefore, homemade slime toys preparations should be used cautiously and under the supervision of adults.
Resumo Objetivo: Identificar quais tipos de reações de pele e ingredientes do brinquedo slime estão frequentemente envolvidos em relatos de intoxicação. Fontes de dados: Entre janeiro e julho de 2021, ocorreu a seleção dos artigos, utilizando-se as bases de dados: United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: (dermatitis OR rash OR eczema OR inflammation) AND slime. Incluíram-se artigos disponíveis na íntegra, em português, inglês ou espanhol, publicados entre janeiro de 2000 e 31 julho de 2021, que relatassem casos de crianças e adolescentes que apresentaram reação cutânea após a manipulação do brinquedo slime. Foram excluídos artigos sem aderência ao tema e textos duplicados nas bases de dados. Síntese dos dados: Identificaram-se 65 publicações, sendo 16 utilizadas para a elaboração desta revisão. Isso resultou no total de 22 crianças (duas do sexo masculino, 20 do feminino), com idades entre quatro e 13 anos, que teriam sido intoxicadas por slime, a maioria dos casos ligado a preparações caseiras. Estudos relataram a ocorrência de dermatite de contato ou alérgica nas mãos, dedos, unhas, antebraços e bochechas. Os ingredientes mais alergênicos e/ou irritantes foram detergentes líquidos e sabão. Ademais, o patch test identificou reações positivas para metilisotiazolinona e metilcloroisotiazolinona, que são conservantes utilizados em produtos como cola, sabão, detergente, etc. Conclusões: Ainda que o brinquedo slime seja importante para o desenvolvimento motor e das relações parentais, receitas caseiras incluem vários ingredientes alergênicos e irritantes, que podem ser expostos a crianças vulneráveis e causar intoxicações. Sendo assim, as preparações do slime devem ser feitas com cautela e sob supervisão de adultos.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify which types of skin reactions are associated with slime toys and which of their ingredients are most frequently involved in cases of poisoning. DATA SOURCE: Between January and July 2021, articles were selected using PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases. The following descriptors were used: (dermatitis OR rash OR eczema OR inflammation) AND slime. Inclusion criteria were articles available in full, in either Portuguese, English, or Spanish, published between January 2000 and July 31, 2021, and articles reporting cases of contact dermatitis or eczema potentially or directly attributed to slime toys. Articles not meeting these criteria and duplicate texts in the databases were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS: In total, 65 publications were identified, of which 16 were included in this review. This resulted in a total of 22 children (2 males, 20 females), aged between 4 and 13 years, who were reportedly intoxicated by slime toys, most of these being linked to homemade preparations. Studies reported the occurrence of contact or allergic dermatitis on hands, fingers, nails, forearms, and cheeks. The most allergenic and/or irritant ingredients included liquid detergent and soap. Additionally, patch tests identified positive reactions to methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone, the preservatives used by chemical industries on preparation of glue, soap, detergents, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Although slime toys might be important for improving motor development and parental relationships, homemade slime toy recipes include several allergenic and irritant ingredients which might be exposed to vulnerable children and cause intoxications. Therefore, homemade slime toys preparations should be used cautiously and under the supervision of adults.
Assuntos
Dermatite Alérgica de Contato , Eczema , Criança , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Adolescente , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/epidemiologia , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/etiologia , Irritantes , Sabões , Testes do Emplastro/efeitos adversos , Eczema/complicações , AlérgenosRESUMO
Biological mediators secreted during peripheral chronic inflammation reach the bloodstream and may damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB), triggering central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Full-fledged human BBB models are efficient tools to investigate pharmacological pathways and mechanisms of injury at the BBB. We here employed a human in vitro BBB model to investigate the effects of either plasma from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), a cytokine commonly released in periphery during IBD, and the anti-inflammatory role of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist (PPARγ). The BBB model was treated with either 10% plasma from healthy and IBD donors or 5 ng/mL TNFα, following treatment with 10 µM pioglitazone. Patient plasma did not alter BBB parameters, but TNFα levels in plasma from all donors were associated with varying expression of claudin-5, claudin-3 and ICAM-1. TNFα treatment increased BBB permeability, claudin-5 disarrangement, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression, MCP1 secretion and monocyte transmigration. These effects were attenuated by pioglitazone. Plasma from IBD patients, which evoked higher BBB permeability, also increased ICAM-1 expression, this effect being reversed by pioglitazone. Our findings evidence how pioglitazone controls periphery-elicited BBB inflammation and supports its repurposing for prevention/treating of such inflammatory conditions.
Assuntos
Barreira Hematoencefálica , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Humanos , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Claudina-5/metabolismo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/metabolismo , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/metabolismo , Pioglitazona/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Non-responsiveness to anti-TNF-α therapies presents relevant rates in inflammatory bowel disease patients, presenting the need to find biomarkers involved in therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we demonstrate that higher levels of colonic formyl peptide receptor 1 and annexin A1 correlate with histological recovery in Crohn's disease patients under remission. Using the dextran sulfate sodium colitis model in mice, we suggest that infliximab induces annexin A1 expression and secretion in activated intestinal leukocytes. Conversely, this mechanism might stimulate epithelial formyl peptide receptors, inducing wound healing and consequent histological remission. Our data indicate that assessing intestinal expressions of formyl peptide receptors and annexin A1 might provide precious information on the disease activity and responsiveness to infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease patients.
Assuntos
Anexina A1/metabolismo , Colite/etiologia , Colite/metabolismo , Doença de Crohn/etiologia , Doença de Crohn/metabolismo , Receptores de Formil Peptídeo/metabolismo , Adulto , Animais , Anexina A1/genética , Antirreumáticos/farmacologia , Biópsia , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Colite/patologia , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Crohn/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Infliximab/farmacologia , Leucócitos/imunologia , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Modelos Biológicos , Especificidade de Órgãos , Receptores de Formil Peptídeo/genética , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/farmacologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a protein secreted by phagocytic cells which plays a pivotal role on the resolution of inflammation by enhancing phagocytosis carried out by phagocytes. Which factors and intracellular mechanisms are linked to such actions exerted by AnxA1 are yet to be completely understood. In order to investigate such, BV2 microglial cells were transfected with plasmids aimed at down-modulating AnxA1 expression and also treated with exogenous recombinant rAnxA1; gene and protein expression of proliferated-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CD36, STAT6 phosphorylation and phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons were investigated. Down-modulating AnxA1 in BV2 cells impaired gene and protein expression of PPARγ, effects reversed by treatment with recombinant AnxA1 (rAnxA1). Lower levels of CD36 were also verified in AnxA1 down-modulated BV2 cells. AnxA1-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells was abrogated due to blockade of PPARγ activation, and in AnxA1 down-modulated cells exogenous AnxA1 failed to exert any effects on phagocytosis. Lower levels of STAT6/pSTAT6 in AnxA1 down-modulated BV2 cells suggest the involvement of this transcription factor with PPARγ and CD36 synthesis and actions. Data here shown suggest that there is a probable connection between AnxA1, PPARγ, and CD36, which must all act in association in order for efferocytosis to occur properly. AnxA1-mediated phosphorylation of STAT6 is probably involved with intracellular pathways involving PPARγ and CD36 actions. These data evidence that PPARγ/CD36 play a role on AnxA1-mediated efferocytosis in microglial cells. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The findings of this work provide evidence that the glucocorticoid-mediated protein annexin A1 modulates PPARγ expression and that PPARγ is important for annexin A1-mediated efferocytosis. Only recently the interaction between these two factors has begun to be explored, and knowledge on associated cell mechanisms are still scarce. Elucidating how annexin A1 and PPARγ interact with one another provides basis for further research aimed at understanding molecular pathways and cell signaling events involved with these factors, expanding existing knowledge on the anti-inflammatory effects of such factors.
Assuntos
Anexina A1/metabolismo , Microglia/metabolismo , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Fagocitose , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , Microglia/citologia , PPAR gama/genética , RatosRESUMO
It has been recently proposed that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a risk factor to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). We investigated this hypothesis using long-term in vivo PCB126 exposure to rats addressing metabolic, cellular and proteomic parameters. Male Wistar rats were exposed to PCB126 (0.1, 1 or 10 µg/kg of body weight/day; for 15 days) or vehicle by intranasal instillation. Systemic alterations were quantified by body weight, insulin and glucose tolerance, and blood biochemical profile. Pancreatic toxicity was measured by inflammatory parameters, cell viability and cycle, free radical generation, and proteomic profile on islets of Langerhans. In vivo PCB126 exposure enhanced the body weight gain, impaired insulin sensitivity, reduced adipose tissue deposit, and elevated serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin levels. Inflammatory parameters in the pancreas and cell morphology, viability and cycle were not altered in islets of Langerhans. Nevertheless, in vivo PCB126 exposure increased free radical generation and modified the expression of proteins related to oxidative stress on islets of Langerhans, which are indicative of early ß-cell failure. Data herein obtained show that long-term in vivo PCB126 exposure through intranasal route induced alterations on islets of Langerhans related to early end points of DM2.
Assuntos
Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidade , Proteoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Administração Intranasal , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Colesterol/sangue , Glucose/metabolismo , Insulina/sangue , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/citologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Fully dispersible, cationic ultrasmall (7 nm diameter) superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, exhibiting high relaxivity (178 mM(-1)s(-1) in 0.47 T) and no acute or subchronic toxicity in Wistar rats, were studied and their suitability as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging and material for development of new diagnostic and treatment tools demonstrated. After intravenous injection (10 mg/kg body weight), they circulated throughout the vascular system causing no microhemorrhage or thrombus, neither inflammatory processes at the mesentery vascular bed and hepatic sinusoids (leukocyte rolling, adhesion, or migration as evaluated by intravital microscopy), but having been spontaneously concentrated in the liver, spleen, and kidneys, they caused strong negative contrast. The nanoparticles are cleared from kidneys and bladder in few days, whereas the complete elimination from liver and spleen occurred only after 4 weeks. Ex vivo studies demonstrated that cationic ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles caused no effects on hepatic and renal enzymes dosage as well as on leukocyte count. In addition, they were readily concentrated in rat thigh by a magnet showing its potential as magnetically targeted carriers of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Summarizing, cationic ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are nontoxic and efficient magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents useful as platform for the development of new materials for application in theranostics.
Assuntos
Meios de Contraste , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita , Animais , Cátions , Meios de Contraste/química , Meios de Contraste/farmacocinética , Meios de Contraste/toxicidade , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/toxicidade , Tamanho da Partícula , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
To investigate the venoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we used preparations of mesenteric venular beds and the circular muscle of the portal veins. Vessels were tested with Ang II in the presence or absence of losartan, PD 123319, HOE 140, L-NAME, indomethacin, or celecoxib. In the mesenteric venular bed of SHR, the effect of Ang II (0.1 nmol) was nearly abolished by losartan and enhanced by HOE 140, indomethacin, and celecoxib, while PD123319 and L-NAME had no effect. In portal vein preparations, cumulative-concentration response curves (CCRC) to Ang II (0.1-100 nmol/L) exhibited a lower maximal response (E(max)) in SHR compared to Wistar rats. AT(1) receptor expression was similar in the two strains, while AT(2) receptor levels were lower in SHR portal veins when compared to Wistar. In SHR portal veins, losartan shifted the CCRC to Ang II to the right, while indomethacin and HOE 140 increased the E(max) to Ang II. PD 123319, celecoxib, and L-NAME had no effect. Taken together, our results suggest that Ang II-induced venoconstriction in SHR is mediated by activation of AT(1) receptors and this effect may be counterbalanced by kinin B(2) receptor and COX metabolites. Furthermore, our data indicate that there are different cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of venous tonus of normotensive and hypertensive rats. These differences probably reflect distinct factors that influence arterial and venous bed in hypertension.
Assuntos
Angiotensina II/farmacologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Veias Mesentéricas/efeitos dos fármacos , Veias Mesentéricas/fisiologia , Veia Porta/efeitos dos fármacos , Veia Porta/fisiologia , Vasoconstrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Masculino , Veias Mesentéricas/anatomia & histologia , Veia Porta/anatomia & histologia , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The venoconstrictor effect of Angiotensin II (Ang II) was investigated in the rat mesenteric venules and portal vein. Mesenteric venules were perfused at a constant rate and reactivity to Ang II (0.1 nmol) was evaluated as changes in the perfusion pressure. Rings of portal vein were mounted in organ baths and curves to Ang II (0.1-100 nmol/L) were generated. In venules, Ang II-contraction (10.6+/-1.1 mmHg) was abolished by losartan (0.9+/-0.3 mmHg*), reduced by PD 123,319 (5.8+/-0.9 mmHg*), increased by L-NAME (16.5+/-1.8 mmHg*) and not altered by indomethacin. In portal veins, curves to Ang II (-logEC50: 8.9+/-0.1 mol/L) were shifted to the right by losartan (-log EC50: 7.5+/-0.1 mol/L*) and by PD 123,319 (-logEC50: 8.0+/-0.1 mol/L*). L-NAME increased the maximal response to Ang II (Emax: 0.91+/-0.1g versus 1.62+/-0.3g*) and indomethacin had no effect. In conclusion, Ang II induces venoconstriction by activating AT1 and AT2 receptors. Data obtained with L-NAME provide evidence that the basal nitric oxide release from the endothelium of the venous system can modulate the Ang II-induced venoconstriction.