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Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state.

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Understorey herbs form a diverse and understudied plant assemblage in tropical forests. Although several studies and research teams have long been dedicated to the study of this conspicuous vegetation component in Amazonia, no effort to unify the data has been undertaken to date. In contrast to trees and other life forms for which major data compilations already exist, a unified database dedicated to herbs is still lacking. Part of the problem is in defining what is a herb and how to effectively sample herb assemblages. In this article, we describe the database HERBase, an exhaustive compilation of published and unpublished data on herb inventories in Amazonia. We also describe the structure, functioning, and guidelines for data curation and integration in HERBase. We were able to compile information from 1381 plots from all six Amazonian geographic regions. Based on this dataset, we describe and discuss sampling and knowledge gaps, priority areas for new collections, and recommend sampling protocols to facilitate data integration in the future. This novel database provides a unique biodiversity data repository on understorey herbs that will enable new studies on community ecology and biogeography.(AU)

As ervas do sub-bosque formam um componente diversificado e pouco estudado em florestas tropicais. Embora vários estudos e grupos de pesquisa tenham se dedicado ao estudo desse componente conspícuo na Amazônia, nenhum esforço foi feito até o momento para unificar essas informações. Em contraste com árvores e outros grupos de plantas para os quais já existem grandes compilações de dados, uma base de dados unificada dedicada às ervas ainda não existe. Parte do problema está em definir o que é uma erva e como amostrar comunidados de ervas de forma eficiente. Neste artigo descrevemos a base de dados HERBase, uma compilação exaustiva de dados publicados e não publicados sobre inventários de ervas na Amazônia. Também descrevemos a estrutura, funcionamento e diretrizes para curadoria e integração de dados na HERBase. Conseguimos compilar informações de 1381 parcelas de todas as seis regiões geográficas amazônicas. Com base nesses dados, descrevemos e discutimos lacunas de amostragem e conhecimento, apontamos áreas prioritárias para novas coletas e recomendamos protocolos de amostragem para facilitar a integração de dados no futuro. Essa nova base de dados fornece dados únicos de biodiversidade sobre ervas do sub-bosque que permitirão novos estudos sobre ecologia e biogeografia de comunidades.(AU)

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We determined the filtered tree species pool of Amazonian wetland forests, based on confirmed occurrence records, to better understand how tree diversity in wetland environments compares to tree diversity in the entire Amazon region. The tree species pool was determined using data from two main sources: 1) a compilation of published tree species lists plus one unpublished list of our own, derived from tree plot inventories and floristic surveys; 2) queries on botanical collections that include Amazonian flora, curated by herbaria and available through the SpeciesLink digital biodiversity database. We applied taxonomic name resolution and determined sample-based species accumulation curves for both datasets, to estimate sampling effort and predict the expected species richness using Chao's analytical estimators. We report a total of 3 615 valid tree species occurring in Amazonian wetland forests. After surveying almost 70 years of research efforts to inventory the diversity of Amazonian wetland trees, we found that 74% these records were registered in published species lists (2 688 tree species). Tree species richness estimates predicted from either single dataset underestimated the total pooled species richness recorded as occurring in Amazonian wetlands, with only 41% of the species shared by both datasets. The filtered tree species pool of Amazonian wetland forests comprises 53% of the 6 727 tree species taxonomically confirmed for the Amazonian tree flora to date. This large proportion is likely to be the result of significant species interchange among forest habitats within the Amazon region, as well as in situ speciation processes due to strong ecological filtering. The provided tree species pool raises the number of tree species previously reported as occurring in Amazonian wetlands by a factor of 3.2.

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INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a major public health problem due to its high prevalence, low levels of control, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in men and women living in the cities of Legal Amazonia. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study was carried out with 1,296 adults in the cities of Legal Amazonia. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric data were collected and blood pressure was measured, being considered hypertensive those individuals who had blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and/or those who reported the use of antihypertensive drugs. Statistical analyzes were performed using the survey module prefix in Stata version 11.0. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 22.3%. After adjusting, the variables associated with hypertension in men were in the age groups 30 - 39 years (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.69; 95%CI 1.49 - 4.86), 40 - 49 years (adjusted PR = 3.28; 95%CI 1.82 - 5.93), and 50 - 59 years (adjusted PR = 4.80; 95%CI 2.63 - 8.76); overweight (adjusted PR = 1.97; 95%CI 1.39 - 2.78); obesity (adjusted PR = 3.32; 95%CI 2.32 - 4.75); and being born in the North or Northeast regions (adjusted PR = 0.31; 95%CI 0.18 - 0.59). Among women, the age groups 40 - 49 years (adjusted PR = 3.41; 95%CI 1.91 - 6.07) and 50 - 59 years (adjusted PR = 7.29; 95%CI 4.07 - 13.07), wine consumption (adjusted PR = 0.31; 95%CI 0.10 - 0.97), and obesity (adjusted PR = 2.39; 95%CI 1.65 - 3.45) were associated with hypertension. CONCLUSION: In men, hypertension was independently associated with age, nutritional status, and place of birth, whereas in women, the variables associated with hypertension were age, nutritional status, and type of alcoholic beverage.

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RESUMO: Introdução: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é um importante problema de saúde pública devido à sua alta prevalência, baixas taxas de controle e causa de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e fatores associados em homens e mulheres residentes em municípios da Amazônia Legal. Métodos: No estudo transversal de base populacional conduzido com 1.296 adultos de ambos os sexos foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, estilo de vida, antropométricos e pressão arterial, sendo considerados hipertensos os que apresentaram pressão arterial ≥ 140/90 mmHg e/ou os que referiram uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas. As análises estatísticas foram feitas no módulo survey do programa Stata versão 11.0. Resultados: A prevalência da hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi de 22,3%. Após ajustes, as variáveis que se associaram à hipertensão nos homens foram a idade de 30 a 39 anos (RP ajustada = 2,69; IC95% 1,49 - 4,86), 40 a 49 anos (RP ajustada = 3,28; IC95% 1,82 - 5,93) e 50 a 59 anos (RP ajustada = 4,80; IC95% 2,63 - 8,76), sobrepeso (RP ajustada = 1,97; IC95% 1,39 - 2,78), obesidade (RP ajustada = 3,32; IC95% 2,32 - 4,75) e ser natural da região Norte ou Nordeste (RP ajustada = 0,31; IC95% 0,18 - 0,59). Entre as mulheres, associaram à hipertensão a idade de 40 a 49 anos (RP ajustada = 3,41; IC95% 1,91 - 6,07) e 50 a 59 anos (RP ajustada = 7,29; IC95% 4,07 - 13,07); o consumo de vinho (RP ajustada = 0,31; IC95% 0,10 - 0,97) e obesidade (RP ajustada = 2,39; IC95% 1,65 - 3,45). Conclusão: A hipertensão arterial associou-se independentemente com a idade, estado nutricional e naturalidade nos homens. E nas mulheres com a idade, estado nutricional e tipo de bebida alcoólica.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Hypertension is a major public health problem due to its high prevalence, low levels of control, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in men and women living in the cities of Legal Amazonia. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was carried out with 1,296 adults in the cities of Legal Amazonia. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric data were collected and blood pressure was measured, being considered hypertensive those individuals who had blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and/or those who reported the use of antihypertensive drugs. Statistical analyzes were performed using the survey module prefix in Stata version 11.0. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 22.3%. After adjusting, the variables associated with hypertension in men were in the age groups 30 - 39 years (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.69; 95%CI 1.49 - 4.86), 40 - 49 years (adjusted PR = 3.28; 95%CI 1.82 - 5.93), and 50 - 59 years (adjusted PR = 4.80; 95%CI 2.63 - 8.76); overweight (adjusted PR = 1.97; 95%CI 1.39 - 2.78); obesity (adjusted PR = 3.32; 95%CI 2.32 - 4.75); and being born in the North or Northeast regions (adjusted PR = 0.31; 95%CI 0.18 - 0.59). Among women, the age groups 40 - 49 years (adjusted PR = 3.41; 95%CI 1.91 - 6.07) and 50 - 59 years (adjusted PR = 7.29; 95%CI 4.07 - 13.07), wine consumption (adjusted PR = 0.31; 95%CI 0.10 - 0.97), and obesity (adjusted PR = 2.39; 95%CI 1.65 - 3.45) were associated with hypertension. Conclusion: In men, hypertension was independently associated with age, nutritional status, and place of birth, whereas in women, the variables associated with hypertension were age, nutritional status, and type of alcoholic beverage.

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Introdução: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é considerada o principal fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e pode ocorrer desde a infância e adolescência. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e fatores associados em adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos residentes em quatro municípios de Mato Grosso, Brasil, em 2007.

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Currently, chronic noncommunicable diseases occupy priority space in healthcare. In 2007, approximately 72% of the deaths occurred in Brazil were attributed to these diseases. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of some risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases in adults living in the municipality of Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. This is a population-based cross-sectional study with 292 adults. Obesity was classified according to the standardization of the World Health Organization (BMI ? 30kg/m2). All individuals with blood pressure ? 140/90mmHg and/or those who reported the use of antihyperten¬sive medication were considered hypertensive; while those who reported having no physical activity during leisure time were considered sedentary. Alcohol consumption was expressed in grams of ethanol, considering consumption above 30g and 15g per day as risk values for men and women, respectively. Individuals who reported smoking cigarettes at the time of the survey were considered smokers. The risk factor with the highest prevalence was sedentary leisure. Men showed higher percentages for smoking and alcohol consumption, while women did for obesity. Hypertension and obesity were the most prevalent risk factors in the older age group.

Actualmente, las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles ocupan un espacio prioritario en el área de la salud, dado que en el 2007 se les atribuyeron alrededor del 72% de las muertes producidas en Brasil. El objetivo de este estudio es el de estimar la prevalencia de algunos factores de riesgo de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en los adultos que viven en la ciudad de Alta Floresta, MT. Se trata de un estudio transversal con base poblacional de 292 adultos. La obesidad se clasificó según la estandarización de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (IMC ? 30kg/m2). Se consideraron hipertensos todos aquellos pacientes con presión arterial ? 140/90mmHg y/o todos aquellos que utilizaban antihipertensivos, mientras que se consideraron sedentarios aquellos pacientes que no practicaban actividad física durante su tiempo libre. El consumo de alcohol se expresó en gramos de etanol, considerándose como valores de riesgo los situados por encima de 30g de etanol al día para los hombres y 15g/día para las mujeres. Se consideraron fumadores aquellos que declararon fumar cigarrillos en el momento de la investigación. El factor de riesgo que presentó una mayor prevalencia fue el de sedentarismo en su tiempo libre. Los hombres mostraron un porcentaje más elevado en el consumo de tabaco y bebidas alcohólicas, mientras que las mujeres lo hicieron en el de obesidad. La hipertensión arterial y la obesidad fueron los factores de riesgo con mayor prevalencia en el grupo de mayor edad.

Atualmente, as Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis ocupam espaço prioritário na área da saúde, sendo que, em 2007, cerca de 72% das mortes no Brasil foram atribuídas às mesmas. Este estudo tem como objetivo estimar a prevalência de alguns fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em adultos residentes no município de Alta Floresta-MT. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional, com 292 adultos. A obesidade foi classificada segundo padronização da Organização Mundial de Saúde (IMC ? 30kg/m2). Foram considerados hipertensos todos os indivíduos com pressão arterial ? 140/90mmHg e/ou aqueles que referiram uso de anti-hipertensivo, e sedentários aqueles que relataram não praticar atividade física no lazer. O consumo de bebida alcoólica foi expresso em gramas de etanol, considerando como risco valores acima de 30g e 15g de etanol por dia, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Foram considerados fumantes aqueles que declararam fumar cigarros na ocasião da pesquisa. O fator de risco que apresentou maior prevalência foi o sedentarismo no lazer. Os homens apresentaram percentuais mais elevados para tabagismo e consumo de bebida alcoólica, e as mulheres, para a obesidade. A hipertensão arterial e a obesidade foram os fatores de risco de maior prevalência na faixa etária mais avançada.

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Neste trabalho foi realizada a triagem das hemoglobinas S e C e o estudo do perfil social de quatro comunidades quilombolas. O estudo foi desenvolvido nas comunidades quilombolas de Malhadinha, Córrego Fundo, Curralinho do Pontal e Manoel João, município de Brejinho de Nazaré (TO). O perfil das hemoglobinas foi obtido com a triagem de 167 amostras de sangue, utilizando o teste de eletroforese em pH alcalino (pH 8,6). Para confirmar o diagnóstico, as amostras alteradas foram submetidas à eletroforese em pH ácido (pH 6,2). Foram identificadas 11 amostras (6,6 por cento) com hemoglobinas variantes: oito (4,8 por cento) com traço falciforme e três com hemoglobina C (1,8 por cento). Os dados sociais foram obtidos através de entrevista realizada com representantes de 48 famílias, levantando informações sobre a renda familiar, idade, sexo e atividade ocupacional de cada indivíduo. O estudo mostrou que essas comunidades são formadas predominantemente por adultos e idosos, com renda mensal maior que um salário mínimo, para 50 por cento das famílias entrevistadas. Apesar do percentual das hemoglobinas S e C encontradas nas comunidades estarem dentro do observado para várias regiões do Brasil, a ausência de informação sobre a doença e os aspectos sociais podem aumentar o número de indivíduos com doença falciforme no município ou áreas vizinhas.

This research performed the screening of S and C hemoglobins and a social profile study of four Quilombola communities. The study was performed at the communities of Malhadinha, Córrego Fundo, Curralinho do Pontal and Manoel João Quilombola, located in the Brejinho de Nazaré municipality, Tocantins state, Brazil. The hemoglobin profile was obtained by screening on 167 blood samples using the electrophoresis in alkaline pH (pH 8.6) test. Chemically altered hemoglobin was subject to electrophoresis in acid pH (pH 6.2) to confirm the diagnosis. We identified 11 samples (6.6%) with hemoglobin changes, eight (4.8%) had sickle cell trait and three were C hemoglobin (1.8%). Social data was obtained by interviews conducted with members of 48families, raising information such as family income, age, gender and occupational activity. Our results showed that these communities are formed predominantly by adults and elderly people with monthly revenue higher than the minimum wage, accounting for 50% of the interviewed families. Although the percentage of hemoglobin S and C found in all the communities are within the values observed within the various regions of Brazil, the absence of information about the disease and social aspects may increase the number of people with sickle cell disease in the municipality and surrounding areas.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as características epidemiológicas da hipertensão arterial e os fatores associados na população idosa residente nos municípios da Amazônia Legal no Estado de Mato Grosso - Alta Floresta, Sinop, Sorriso e Diamantino. Trata-se de estudo transversal, de base populacional, realizado por meio de inquérito domiciliar com 312 idosos. A amostra da pesquisa foi obtida por amostragem complexa. Consideraram-se hipertensos aqueles que apresentaram pressão arterial >140/90mmHg e/ou que referiram uso de medicação anti-hipertensiva. A análise de regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para testar a associação entre a hipertensão e as variáveis independentes. A prevalência da hipertensão foi de 67,4%. As variáveis associadas à hipertensão nos homens foram situação conjugal (p=0,012) e índice de massa corporal (p=0,025). Já entre as mulheres, foram faixa etária (p=0,026), tabagismo (p=0,030) e índice de massa corporal (p=0,034). Entre os idosos, observou-se que 78,3% tinham conhecimento de sua condição de hipertenso; destes, 97,7% estavam em tratamento. Entre os que estavam em tratamento, apenas 43,7% apresentavam sua pressão arterial controlada. A alta prevalência da hipertensão, a associação a fatores de risco cardiovascular, assim como o baixo percentual de idosos com pressão arterial controlada, reforçam a necessidade de implementar políticas públicas, visando a ações de prevenção, controle e promoção da saúde da população idosa.

This paper aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hypertension and associated factors in an elderly population living in municipalities of the Legal Amazon region in Mato Grosso state, Brazil - Alta Floresta, Sinop, Sorriso and Diamantino. Cross-sectional, population-based study, conducted through a household survey with 312 elderly. The survey sample was obtained by simple sampling and cluster in stages. The individuals who had > 140/90 mmHg and / or reported use of antihypertensive medication were considered hypertensive. Poisson regression analysis was used to test the association between hypertension and the independent variables. The prevalence of hypertension was 67.4%. The variables were associated with hypertension in males were marital status (p=0.012) and body mass index (p=0.025). Among females, were age (p= 0.026), smoking (p=0.030) and body mass index (p=0.034). Among the elderly, 78.3% were aware of their condition, and among these, 97.9% underwent treatment. But among those who were treated only 43.7% had their blood pressure controlled. The high prevalence of hypertension and its association with cardiovascular risk factors, as well as the percentage of elderly with controlled blood pressure, reinforce the need for implementation of public policies aimed at prevention, control and promotion of health in the elderly population.

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Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) are widely distributed in the Amazon basin. This study describes the ecological and behavioral patterns of two social groups of S. sciureus in forests adjacent to the Tucuruí hydroelectric reservoir in eastern Amazonia, including range size, activity budgets, and composition of the diet. The groups were monitored at Base 4 (group B4) and Germoplasma Island (group GI). Quantitative behavioral data were collected using instantaneous scan sampling to record behavior, substrate use, and height. Home ranges were delimited using a GPS to determine group position after each 50 m of movement. Home ranges were 75.0 ha for group B4 (39 members) and 77.5 ha for group GI (32 members). The use of vertical strata was well defined, with a marked preference for the middle and lower levels of the canopy. The activity budgets of both groups were typical of those of other squirrel monkeys and were dominated by foraging (B4 = 48.7 %; GI = 49.6 %), moving (both groups 28.9 %), and feeding (B4 = 14.6 %; GI = 12.4 %). Resting was rare (B4 = 3.5 %; GI = 2.6 %) and less common than social behavior (B4 = 4.3 %; GI = 6.4 %). The diet of both groups was dominated by plant material (B4 = 70.7 % of feeding records; GI = 71.4 %), which is in contrast with the more insectivorous diets recorded for Saimiri at other sites. Group GI spent more time foraging during the dry season, whereas group B4 spent more time in the rainy season when the consumption of fruit increased (significantly, in the case of group GI). The less insectivorous diet of these groups may be due to a number of factors, including the unique habitat configuration at the site and reduced hydrological stress due to the proximity of the reservoir.

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