RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mammary neoplasms are common tumors in intact female dogs. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a valuable diagnostic tool and has gained some credibility in the diagnosis of mammary tumors in dogs. Prompt classification of canine mammary tumors using cytology would enhance feasibility as a prognostic tool and guide clinical and surgical management. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine background elements to differentiate mammary tumors using FNAC. We proposed to distinguish simple from complex and mixed tumors by identifying myoepithelial (ME) cells and different types of extracellular matrix. Additionally, we determined the accuracy of FNAC to differentiate benign from malignant tumors. METHODS: One hundred and one mammary tumors from female dogs were included in this study. We compared FNAC using histopathology as the gold standard. Cellular and background components were evaluated and identified. The cytologic accuracy, sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for diagnosing malignancy were determined, excluding inadequate samples. RESULTS: The cytologic-histologic agreement was 92.5% for simple carcinomas, 57.9% for complex-type carcinomas, 57.1% for mixed-type carcinomas, 27.3% for carcinosarcomas, and 100% for osteosarcomas. Myoepithelial cells were successfully identified using FNAC. Myxoid and chondroid/osteoid matrix were satisfactorily recognized. Cytologic accuracy, Se, Sp, PPV, and NPV for diagnosing malignancy were 99%, 100%, 83%, 99%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Chondroid/osteoid matrix was noted in mixed tumors but not in complex tumors. Myxoid matrix, often associated with ME cells, was noted in complex and mixed tumors. Mesenchymal cells were differentiated from ME cells, allowing the distinction of simple carcinomas with scirrhous reaction from complex and mixed tumors.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais , Animais , Biópsia por Agulha Fina/veterinária , Diferenciação Celular , Citodiagnóstico/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Cães , Matriz Extracelular/patologia , Feminino , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/patologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether oxidative stress occurs in rats experimentally infected by Sporothrix schenckii, and its possible effect on disease pathogenesis. Thirty rats were divided into two groups: the group A (uninfected, n = 18) and the group B (infected by S. schenckii, n=21). Blood samples were collected on days 15, 30 and 40 post-infection (PI). At each sampling time, six rats of the group A, and seven of the group B were bled. TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) levels in serum samples were measured to evaluate lipid peroxidation. In addition, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, known as biomarkers of antioxidants levels, were verified in whole blood. Seric pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were measured (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6), which showed that these inflammatory mediators were at higher levels in the infected rats (P < 0.001). In comparison to uninfected animals, rats with sporotrichosis showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) levels of TBARS on day 40 PI; CAT activity was significantly increased (p < 0.01) on days 30 and 40 PI; and SOD activity was increased (p < 0.01) on day 40 PI. Infected rats showed larger testicles and granulomas in the testicular capsule, as well as hepatic granulomas and splenic follicular hyperplasia. All tissues (testicle, spleen, and liver) showed inflammation associated with numerous fungal structures. These results demonstrated that the intense inflammatory response (seric and tissue) in sporotrichosis is a likely mechanism for redox imbalance, and consequently cause the oxidative stress in experimentally infected rats.
Assuntos
Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Sporothrix/patogenicidade , Esporotricose/sangue , Esporotricose/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Catalase/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Granuloma/patologia , Hiperplasia , Inflamação/patologia , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucina-6/sangue , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Ratos , Soro/enzimologia , Baço/patologia , Esplenopatias , Esporotricose/patologia , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Testículo/patologia , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análise , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
The present study investigated the protective effect of quercetin (Querc) on memory, anxiety-like behavior and impairment of ectonucleotidases and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ-diabetes). The type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 70mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ), diluted in 0.1M sodium-citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Querc was dissolved in 25% ethanol and administered by gavage at the doses of 5, 25 and 50mg/kg once a day during 40days. The animals were distributed in eight groups of ten animals as follows: vehicle, Querc 5mg/kg, Querc 25mg/kg, Querc 50mg/kg, diabetes, diabetes plus Querc 5mg/kg, diabetes plus Querc 25mg/kg and diabetes plus Querc 50mg/kg. Querc was able to prevent the impairment of memory and the anxiogenic-like behavior induced by STZ-diabetes. In addition, Querc prevents the decrease in the NTPDase and increase in the adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in SN from cerebral cortex of STZ-diabetes. STZ-diabetes increased the AChE activity in SN from cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Querc 50mg/kg was more effective to prevent the increase in AChE activity in the brain of STZ-diabetes. Querc also prevented an increase in the malondialdehyde levels in all the brain structures. In conclusion, the present findings showed that Querc could prevent the impairment of the enzymes that regulate the purinergic and cholinergic extracellular signaling and improve the memory and anxiety-like behavior induced by STZ-diabetes.
Assuntos
5'-Nucleotidase/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Ansiedade/prevenção & controle , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos da Memória/prevenção & controle , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Quercetina/farmacologia , Animais , Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Ansiedade/enzimologia , Ansiedade/psicologia , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/enzimologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/psicologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/enzimologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/psicologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/metabolismo , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos da Memória/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos da Memória/enzimologia , Transtornos da Memória/psicologia , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , EstreptozocinaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cholinesterase activity in serum, whole blood, and lymphocytes, as well as to verify its relation to immune response in rats experimentally infected by Sporothrix schenckii. For this study, 63 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), male, adult were divided into three groups: the negative control group (GC: n = 21), the group infected subcutaneously (GSC: n = 21), and the group infected intraperitoneally (GIP: n = 21). The groups were divided into subgroups and the following variables were evaluated at 15, 30, and 40 days post-infection (PI): acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in lymphocytes and whole blood, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in serum, cytokines levels (IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, and INF-γ), immunoglobulins levels (IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE), and protein profile by electrophoresis. Both infected groups showed increased levels of inflammatory parameters (P < 0.05) in tissue and inflammatory infiltrates. The activities of AChE in lymphocytes and BChE in serum increased (P < 0.05) significantly in animals from the GSC group on day 40 PI compared to the GC group. Regarding the GIP, there was a marked increase in the AChE activity in lymphocytes on days 30 and 40 PI, and in whole blood on days 15, 30, and 40 PI compared to GC. Furthermore, IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was also present in high levels during chronic systemic S. schenckii infections in animals. Therefore, it is concluded that cholinesterase has an important modulatory role in the immune response during granulomatous infection by S. schenckii.
Assuntos
Colinesterases/análise , Inflamação/patologia , Sporothrix/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esporotricose/patologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/sangue , Citocinas/análise , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Linfócitos/enzimologia , Masculino , Proteínas/análise , Ratos Wistar , Soro/enzimologiaRESUMO
The present study investigated the in vitro and the in vivo interactions among azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, and tigecycline against Pythium insidiosum. In vitro antimicrobial activities were determined by the broth microdilution method in accordance with CLSI document M38-A2, and the antibiotic interactions were assayed using the checkerboard MIC format. In vivo efficacy was determined using a rabbit infection model. The geometric mean MICs of azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, and tigecycline against P. insidiosum were, respectively, 1.91, 1.38, 0.91, and 0.79 µg/ml. By checkerboard testing, all combinations resulted in in vitro synergistic interactions (>60%). Antagonism was not observed. The in vivo studies showed that azithromycin (20 mg/kg/day twice daily) alone or in combination with minocycline (10 mg/kg/day twice daily) significantly decreased the fungal burden. This study demonstrates that azithromycin possesses potent curative efficacy against subcutaneous pythiosis in the rabbit model.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Azitromicina/farmacologia , Claritromicina/farmacologia , Minociclina/análogos & derivados , Minociclina/farmacologia , Pitiose/tratamento farmacológico , Pythium/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Esquema de Medicação , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Análise Multivariada , Pitiose/microbiologia , Pitiose/patologia , Pythium/genética , Pythium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pythium/isolamento & purificação , Coelhos , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/microbiologia , Pele/patologia , TigeciclinaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Trypanosoma evansi infections on arterial blood gases of experimentally infected rats. Two groups with eight animals each were used; group A (uninfected) and group B (infected). Infected animals were daily monitored through blood smears that showed high parasitemia with 30 trypanosomes per field (1000×) on average, 5 days post-infection (PI). Arterial blood was collected at 5 days PI for blood gas analysis using an automated method based on dry-chemistry. Hydrogen potential (pH), partial oxygen pressure (pO2), oxygen saturation (sO2), sodium (Na), ionic calcium (Ca ionic), chlorides (Cl), partial dioxide carbon pressure (pCO2), base excess (BE), base excess in the extracellular fluid (BEecf), bicarbonate (cHCO3), potassium (K), lactate, and blood total dioxide the carbon (tCO2) were evaluated. The levels of pH, pCO2, BE, BEecf, cHCO3, and tCO2 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in group B compared to group A. Additionally, the same group showed increases in Cl and lactate levels when compared to uninfected group. Therefore, it is possible to state that the infection caused by T. evansi led to alterations in the acid-base status, findings that are correlated to metabolic acidosis.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the role of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as biomarkers of inflammation and tissue injury on rats experimentally infected by Cryptococcus neoformans. For this purpose, 20 male rats were divided into two groups: 10 animals representing the uninfected control group (Group A) and 10 C. neoformans var. grubii infected animals (Group B). Blood and brain samples were collected on days 10 (A10 and B10), and 30 (A30 and B30) post-infection (PI) for hematological analyses; AChE (in lymphocytes and brain) and seric BChE activity; interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10); nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels; and markers of protein oxidation (AOPP) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). As a result, when animals of Group A were compared to animals of Group B, it was observed leukocytosis (P<0.05) on day 10 PI; AChE activity increase (P<0.05) in lymphocytes (day 30 PI) and in brain (days 10 and 30 PI); BChE activity decrease (P<0.05) on day 10 PI; IL-1 and IL-6 increase (P<0.01) in both periods, while IL-10 had reduced levels (P<0.01) in the same periods; NOx levels increased (P<0.05) significantly on days 10 and 30 PI, while AOPP and TBARS levels increased significantly on day 30 PI; as well as pneumonia on infected rats. Therefore, based on the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that AChE and BChE behavior lead to a proinflammatory reaction evidenced by the enhancement of IL-1, IL-6, and NOx throughout the experiment associated with reduction on IL-10 levels, and cellular damage.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/biossíntese , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Butirilcolinesterase/biossíntese , Criptococose/patologia , Inflamação/patologia , Acetilcolinesterase/análise , Animais , Butirilcolinesterase/análise , Criptococose/enzimologia , Criptococose/imunologia , Cryptococcus neoformans , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inflamação/enzimologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The aims of this study were to evaluate vertical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi in sheep experimentally infected, in addition to the mammary transmission by colostrum or milk of these infected sheep to mice. Three pregnant sheep were used: one uninfected, four months pregnant (Sheep A); and two (Sheep B and C) infected intravenously by T. evansi trypomastigotes (4.6×10(6) per animal) on the third (Sheep C) and fourth (Sheep B) month of pregnancy. Both infected sheep developed low and oscillating parasitemia measured by blood smears. Hemogram was performed at seven day intervals, showing anemia, leukocytosis, and lymphocytosis on sheep B and C. Three sheep had twins, where sheep A delivered healthy lambs and both infected sheep had delivered at least one stillborn. Additionally, lambs from sheep B and C died 24 and 72 h post-partum, respectively. Before colostrum intake, four lambs from infected sheep were positives for T. evansi according to blood smear evaluation, serology (CATT/T. evansi), and PCR. Sheep colostrum and milk samples collected from the first four days post-partum were positives for T. evansi on PCR, and these samples were able to infect seven mice (out of 10) orally (n=4/5) and intraperitoneally (n=3/5). Therefore, we conclude that the vertical transmission of T. evansi occurs in pregnant sheep, in addition to a strong possibility of the transmission by colostrum and milk.
Assuntos
Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Tripanossomíase/veterinária , Animais , Colostro/parasitologia , Feminino , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Camundongos , Leite/parasitologia , Parasitemia/sangue , Parasitemia/veterinária , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/parasitologia , Ovinos , Tripanossomíase/parasitologia , Tripanossomíase/transmissãoRESUMO
Objective. This study aimed to investigate the presence and activity of the ecto adenosine deaminase (E-ADA) enzyme in tachyzoites of Neospora caninum (Nc-1 strain), as well as to assess the activity of a well-known E-ADA inhibitor, the deoxycoformycin. Materials and methods. The parasites were grown in cell culture, being subsequently separated in a pellet of tachyzoites, on which the E-ADA activity was tested using the concentrations 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg mL-1. Results. The E-ADA showed high activity, progressively increasing its activity according to the enhancement of the protein concentration. The test was carried out with different concentrations of deoxycoformycin, showing that it was able to inhibit the E-ADA present on the free form of the parasite. Conclusions. Based on these results we conclude that the E-ADA is present on tachyzoites of N. caninum, and deoxycoformycin is able to inhibit this enzyme. In this sense, knowing the negative impact of N. caninum on reproductive issue in cattle (mainly abortion), might it is an alternative in order to deal with this parasitic infection.
Objetivo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la presencia y la actividad de la adenosina deaminasa (E-ADA) en taquizoitos de Neospora caninum (Nc-1 cepa), así como ensayar un conocido inhibidor de estas enzimas. Material y métodos. Los parásitos se multiplicaron en cultivo celular y posteriormente fueron separados en un sedimento de taquizoitos. La actividad de E-ADA fue probada en el parásito, usando concentraciones de 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4 y 0.8 mg mL-1. Resultados. El E-ADA tenía una alta actividad aumentó progresivamente de acuerdo con la concentración de proteínas. La prueba se llevó a cabo con diferentes concentraciones del inhibidor E-ADA (desoxicoformicina) y fue capaz de inhibir la presente E-ADA en el parásito. Conclusiones. Por la observación de los resultados se concluye que la enzima E-ADA está presente en taquizoítos de N. caninum, y desoxicoformicina es capaz de inhibir la acción de la enzima. En este sentido, conocer el impacto negativo del parásito en los problemas productivos y reproductivos en el ganado (principalmente abortos), estos resultados pueden ser una alternativa para evitar esta enfermedad parasitaria.
RESUMO
This study aimed to verify the effect of the treatment with A. satureioides essential oil (free and nanoencapsulated forms) and diminazene aceturate on hematological and biochemical variables in rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi. The 56 rats were divided into seven groups with eight rats each. Groups A, C and D were composed by uninfected animals, and groups B, E, F and G were formed by infected rats with T. evansi. Rats from groups A and B were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Rats from the groups C and E were treated with A. satureioides essential oil, and groups D and F were treated with A. satureioides nanoencapsulated essential oil. Groups C, D, E and F received one dose of oil (1.5 mL kg(-1)) during five consecutive days orally. Group G was treated with diminazene aceturate (D.A.) in therapeutic dose (3.5 mg kg(-1)) in an only dose. The blood samples were collected on day 5 PI for analyses of hematological (erythrocytes and leukocytes count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) and biochemical (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, urea and creatinine) variables. A. satureioides administered was able to maintain low parasitemia, mainly the nanoencapsulated form, on 5 days post infection. On the infected animals with T. evansi treated with A. satureioides essential oil (free and nanocapsules) the number of total leucocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes present was similar to uninfected rats, and different from infected and not-treated animals (leukocytosis). Treatment with A. satureioides in free form elevated levels of ALT and AST, demonstrating liver damage; however, treatment with nanoencapsulated form did not cause elevation of these enzymes. Finally, treatments inhibited the increase in creatinine levels caused by infection for T. evansi. In summary, the nanoencapsulated form showed better activity on the trypanosome; it did not cause liver toxicity and prevented renal damage.