RESUMO
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus affecting dogs worldwide, posing a significant threat. The VP2 protein stands out as the predominant and highly immunogenic structural component of CPV-2. Soon after its emergence, CPV-2 was replaced by variants known as CPV-2a, 2b and 2c, marked by changes in amino acid residue 426 of VP2. Additional amino acid alterations have been identified within VP2, with certain modifications serving as signatures of emerging variants. In Brazil, CPV-2 outbreaks persist with diverse VP2 profiles. Vaccination is the main preventive measure against the virus. However, the emergence of substitutions presents challenges to conventional vaccine methods. Commercial vaccines are formulated with strains that usually do not match those currently circulating in the field. To address this, the study aimed to investigate CPV-2 variants in Brazil, predict epitopes, and design an in silico vaccine tailored to local variants employing reverse vaccinology. The methodology involved data collection, genetic sequence analysis, and amino acid comparison between field strains and vaccines, followed by the prediction of B and T cell epitope regions. The predicted epitopes were evaluated for antigenicity, allergenicity and toxicity. The final vaccine construct consisted of selected epitopes linked to an adjuvant and optimized for expression in Escherichia coli. Structural predictions confirmed the stability and antigenicity of the vaccine, while molecular docking demonstrated interaction with the canine toll-like receptor 4. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated a stable complex formation. In silico immune simulations demonstrated a progressive immune response post-vaccination, including increased antibody production and T-helper cell activity. The multi-epitope vaccine design targeted prevalent CPV-2 variants in Brazil and potentially other regions globally. However, experimental validation is essential to confirm our in silico findings.
Assuntos
Simulação por Computador , Doenças do Cão , Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirus Canino , Vacinas Virais , Parvovirus Canino/imunologia , Parvovirus Canino/genética , Parvovirus Canino/química , Animais , Cães , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/imunologia , Brasil , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/genética , Vacinas Virais/química , Vacinologia/métodos , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , Epitopos de Linfócito B/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito B/genética , Epitopos/imunologia , Epitopos/genética , Epitopos/química , Epitopos de Linfócito T/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito T/genética , Epitopos de Linfócito T/químicaRESUMO
Parvoviruses are responsible for multiple diseases, and there is a critical need for effective antiviral therapies. Specific antiviral treatments for parvovirus infections are currently lacking, and the available options are mostly supportive and symptomatic. In recent years, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of parvovirus replication and identifying potential targets for antiviral interventions. This review highlights the structure, pathogenesis, and treatment options for major viruses of the subfamily Parvovirinae, such as parvovirus B19 (B19V), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), and porcine parvovirus (PPV) and also describes different approaches in the development of antiviral alternatives against parvovirus, including drug repurposing, serendipity, and computational tools (molecular docking and artificial intelligence) in drug discovery. These advances greatly increase the likelihood of discoveries that will lead to potent antiviral strategies against different parvovirus infections.
Assuntos
Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirinae , Parvovirus B19 Humano , Parvovirus , Animais , Suínos , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Inteligência Artificial , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Infecções por Parvoviridae/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus chromogenes are pathogens frequently detected in bovine mastitis. Treatment and prevention of this disease have been usually carried on with antimicrobials. However, the emergence of bacterial isolates with antimicrobial resistance has aroused interest in new therapeutic alternatives. Plant essential oils (EOs) have been largely studied as antibacterial treatments. In the present study, EOs from five plants were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against S. aureus and S. chromogenes. Bacterial isolates were obtained in a previous study of clinical cases of bovine mastitis. EOs from lemongrass, eucalyptus, lavender, peppermint, and thyme were obtained by hydrodistillation and their chemical compositions were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated for all EOs. The results demonstrated that citral (40.9%), myrcene (24.7%), and geraniol (1.9%) were detected in lemongrass EO; 1,8-cineole (76.9%), α-pinene (8.2%), and ledene (5.1%) in eucalyptus EO; 1,8-cineole (45.2%), camphor (18.2%), and fenchone (14.6%) in lavender EO; L-menthol (38.5%), menthofuran (16.3%), and citronellal (10.6%) in peppermint EO; and thymol (44.2%), p-cymene (24.6%) and 1,8-cineole (9.9%) in thyme EO. More effective antibacterial activities were observed only with the use of lemongrass (MIC and MBC ranging from 0.39 to 3.12 mg/mL and 0.39 to 6.35 mg/mL, respectively) and thyme (MIC and MBC ranging from 0.39 to 1.56 mg/mL and 0.39 to 3.12 mg/mL, respectively). Peppermint, lavender and eucalyptus EOs did not show bactericidal activities. In conclusion, lemongrass and thyme EOs are promising antibacterial alternatives against Staphylococcus species associated with bovine mastitis.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Mastite Bovina , Óleos Voláteis , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Staphylococcus aureus , Eucaliptol/farmacologia , Staphylococcus , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Bovine mastitis is the most important disease affecting dairy herds worldwide, causing direct impacts on farms' profitability and food safety issues. The prevention and treatment of this pathology is especially done through antimicrobials, but the increasing antimicrobial resistance of pathogens to this disease may affect the efficiency of conventional drugs. Besides, antimicrobials residues in milk and the environment are a potential threat to human health. Thereby, the use of plant extracts and essential oils may become promising alternatives for the control of bovine mastitis. Antimicrobial properties present in several plants are well described and plant extracts and essential oils are often considered safe to animals, humans and environment. This review summarizes the current problems encountered in the conventional treatment of mastitis, the possibilities of the use of plant extracts and essential oils as alternative agents for the control of these pathogens and the limitations found in the use of these plant derivatives. Finally, the perspectives to the use of plant extracts and essential oils for the treatment of bovine mastitis are presented.