RESUMO
Cystic fibrosis is characterized by abnormal mucous secretions in the lungs that favor the proliferation of colonizing bacteria, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus being the most isolated, however, other less known species could also have an impact on the health of the patient. Here we demonstrate the isolation and antibiotic resistance profiles of Inquilinus limosus, a rarely reported multidrug resistant bacterium, and compare them to a co-infectant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Likewise, we found that co-infection with both bacteria promotes increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, which can have an impact on the disease severity and make treatment difficult.
Assuntos
Coinfecção , Fibrose Cística , Armadilhas Extracelulares , Infecções por Pseudomonas , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Coinfecção/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrose Cística/complicações , Humanos , México , Neutrófilos , Infecções por Pseudomonas/tratamento farmacológico , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , RhodospirillaceaeRESUMO
Neutrophils are the first cells of the innate immune system that respond to infection by arriving at sites when pathogens have exceeded physical barriers. Among their response mechanisms against pathogens is the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid and antimicrobial proteins such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, antimicrobial peptides, and other proteins in neutrophil granules. The formation of extracellular traps is considered an effective strategy to capture and, in some cases, neutralize pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. However, it is also known that pathogens can respond to NETs by expressing some virulence factors, thus evading the antimicrobial effect of these structures. These include the secretion of proteins to degrade the deoxyribonucleic acid scaffold, the formation of biofilms that impede the effect of NETs, or the modification of its membrane structure to avoid interaction with NETs. In this review, we discuss these mechanisms and summarize the different pathogens that employ one or more mechanisms to evade the NET-mediated neutrophil response.
Assuntos
Armadilhas Extracelulares/imunologia , Infecções/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Animais , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/imunologia , Armadilhas Extracelulares/microbiologia , Fungos/genética , Fungos/imunologia , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Infecções/microbiologiaRESUMO
Alopecia associated with ingestion of amphetamines has been reported occasionally. These drugs may act as a triggering factor to develop diffuse alopecia. We present a case of alopecia areata possibly linked to the ingestion of amphetamines. This case may provide evidence that amphetamines can also be a cause of alopecia areata in susceptible individuals. We intend to awaken an interest in the medication history of patients presenting with sudden diffuse alopecia areata.
RESUMO
Arabinoxylans (AX) microspheres with different insulin/AX mass ratio were prepared by formation of phenoxy radical issued from the ferulic acid by enzymatic oxidation (entrapped in situ of insulin). Phenolic acid content and FT-IR spectrum of unloaded and insulin-loaded AX microspheres revealed that the phenoxy radical issued from the ferulic acid by enzymatic oxidation did not interact covalently with insulin. The microspheres showed a spherical shape, smooth surface and an average diameter of particles of 320⯵m. In vitro control release found that AX microspheres minimized the insulin loss in the upper GI tract, retaining high percentage (~75%) of insulin in its matrix. The stability of the secondary structure of insulin was studied by dichroism circular (CD). The CD spectra of insulin released from AX microspheres did not change according to the insulin/AX mass ratio of the microsphere. Significant hypoglycemic effects with improved insulin-relative bioavailability tested on an in vivo murine model revealed the efficacy of these enzymatically cross-linked arabinoxylans microspheres as a new oral insulin carrier.
Assuntos
Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Lacase/metabolismo , Microesferas , Xilanos/química , Administração Oral , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Reologia , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
CONTEXT: Chronic stress is characterized by increased release of catecholamines, glucocorticoids and other neurohumoral factors, predisposing individuals to obesity, insulin resistance and vascular disease, pathologies considered priority health problems. Study of alterations induced by stress on metabolism in association with food intake modulatory hormones (insulin, leptin and ghrelin) is mandatory. OBJECTIVE: This research studied temporal course during 60 days of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on glucose and lipids metabolism, and on the neuroendocrine system that regulates appetite-satiety balance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar rats were exposed to CUMS for 20, 40 and 60 days. Corticosterone stayed high during 60 days of CUMS; after 40 days, body weight, cholesterol and triglycerides decreased and glucose intolerance was evident at day 60; insulin and ghrelin increased at 20 and 40 days, respectively; leptin decreased after day 20. Data suggest that 60 days of CUMS progressively disturb metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids as well as food intake regulatory hormones, affecting the metabolism, and can lead to the development of chronic degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Many areas with endemic and epidemic cholera report significant levels of HIV transmission. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 95% of reported cholera cases occur in Africa, which also accounts for nearly 70% of people living with HIV/AIDS globally. Peru-15, a promising single dose live attenuated oral cholera vaccine (LA-OCV), was previously found to be safe and immunogenic in cholera endemic areas. However, no data on the vaccine's safety among HIV-seropositive adults had been collected. METHODS: This study was a double-blinded, individually randomized, placebo-controlled trial enrolling HIV-seropositive adults, 18-45 years of age, conducted in Bangkok, Thailand, to assess the safety of Peru-15 in a HIV-seropositive cohort. RESULTS: 32 HIV infected subjects were randomized to receive either a single oral dose of the Peru-15 vaccine with a buffer or a placebo (buffer only). No serious adverse events were reported during the follow-up period in either group. The geometric mean fold (GMF) rise in V. cholerae O1 El Tor specific antibody titers between baseline and 7 days after dosing was 32.0 (p<0.001) in the vaccine group compared to 1.6 (p<0.14) in the placebo group. Among the 16 vaccinees,14 vaccinees (87.5%) had seroconversion compared to 1 of 16 placebo recipients (6.3%). V. cholerae was isolated from the stool of one vaccinee, and found to be genetically identical to the Peru-15 vaccine strain. There were no significant changes in HIV viral load or CD4 T-cell counts between vaccine and placebo groups. CONCLUSION: Peru-15 was shown to be safe and immunogenic in HIV-seropositive Thai adults.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Cólera/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra Cólera/imunologia , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Administração Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Vacinas contra Cólera/administração & dosagem , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Placebos/administração & dosagem , Tailândia , Resultado do Tratamento , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP)--Alpha Version, is the first rendition of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) efforts to develop a standardized international nursing language system. This system has three principal components: nursing phenomena; nursing actions; and nursing outcomes. This article describes a study of agreements between terms used by nurses of the intensive care unit at the Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo, to designate patients' nursing problems and the terms proposed by the ICNP--Alpha Version. The records of 59 interned patients, admitted to the intensive therapy unit, were analysed for nursing problems. Of 336 problem categories listed by the nurses, 153 (45.5%) corresponded to the ICNP terms. The 183 categories of problems that did not correspond to the ICNP terms were categorized by the authors as the following: medical diagnoses (37.2%); signs (28.4%); interventions (26.2%); and historical data (8.2%). These results show that there may be no agreement between the concept of nursing phenomena for the ICNP and of nursing problems for the nurses whose records were analysed. Considering that medical diagnoses, intervention and historical data could not be accepted as nursing phenomena for the ICNP, the agreement is potentially higher than 45.5%.
Assuntos
Pesquisa em Avaliação de Enfermagem/métodos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Diagnóstico de Enfermagem , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Fogo Selvagem (FS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by subcorneal vesicles and antidesmoglein-1 autoantibodies. Previous epidemiologic data have linked the onset of FS to exposure to an environmental antigen(s). This investigation describes a unique human settlement with an extraordinarily high prevalence of FS. This community is made up of Amerindians belonging to the Terena tribe, which has settled on the Limao Verde reservation in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil. Twenty-six well-characterized FS cases have been identified within a total population of 998, yielding a prevalence of 2.6%. Seventeen of the patients (65 %) were males, and over 50% were older than 30 y of age. The incidence of the disease shows temporal periodicity, i.e., years with several cases of FS alternating with years with no cases. Over one-half of the cases occurred in genetically related family members. Another Terena reservation, the Ipegue/Taunay, located 90 km west of the Limao Verde reservation, was also evaluated as a control group. This reservation, with a population of 2203, had no recorded cases of FS. Thus, the Limao Verde reservation represents a new focus of FS in which the disease exhibits temporal, geographic, and familial clustering. These results suggest that the environmental antigen or antigens precipitating FS are endemic to the Limao Verde reservation. This reservation appears to be an ideal population for carrying out sero-epidemiologic, genetic, and environmental studies aimed at disclosing the etiology of FS.