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Dialysis treatment has improved the survival of patients with kidney failure. However, the hospitalization and mortality rates remain alarmingly high, primarily due to incomplete uremic toxin elimination. High-volume hemodiafiltration (HDF) has emerged as a promising approach that significantly improves patient outcomes by effectively eliminating medium and large uremic toxins, which explains its increasing adoption, particularly in Europe and Japan. Interest in this therapy has grown following the findings of the recently published CONVINCE study, as well as the need to understand the mechanisms behind the benefits. This comprehensive review aims to enhance the scientific understanding by explaining the underlying physiological mechanisms that contribute to the positive effects of HDF in terms of short-term benefits, like hemodynamic tolerance and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, it explores the rationale behind the medium-term clinical benefits, including phosphorus removal, the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress, anemia management, immune response modulation, nutritional effects, the mitigation of bone disorders, neuropathy relief, and amyloidosis reduction. This review also analyzes the impact of HDF on patient-reported outcomes and mortality. Considering the importance of applying personalized uremic toxin removal strategies tailored to the unique needs of each patient, high-volume HDF appears to be the most effective treatment to date for patients with renal failure. This justifies the need to prioritize its application in clinical practice, initially focusing on the groups with the greatest potential benefits and subsequently extending its use to a larger number of patients.

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Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a standardized and simplified protocol based on the technical pillars of the HEARTS Initiative for the control of hypertensive patients in the Cardiovascular Health Program at the first level of care in Chile. Methods: Longitudinal observational study (historical cohort) in two family health centers at the first level of care in Santiago. The control of blood pressure in hypertensive adults using a standardized and simplified protocol was compared to the usual protocol based on national guidelines. Innovations in the standardized protocol included changes in how the health team is coordinated, initiation of pharmacological treatment immediately after confirmed diagnosis, standardized pharmacological treatment with a combination of at least two or three antihypertensive drugs taken daily in a single tablet. Follow-up was conducted after one year to assess the percentage of adherence to treatment and achievement of blood pressure control targets (< 140/90 mmHg). Results: A total of 1490 patients were evaluated: 562 who followed the standardized and simplified protocol, and 928 who were treated with the usual protocol (family health centers: 650; family health centers: 278). After one year, patients in the standardized and simplified protocol group had a higher proportion of adherence to blood pressure control targets (65% versus 37% and 41%, p<0.001) and higher adherence to treatment compared to those following the usual protocol (71% versus 18% and 23%, p<0.001). Conclusions: The results show that the standardized and simplified protocol is more effective than the usual protocol in controlling arterial hypertension in patients undergoing treatment at the first level of care in Chile. Its implementation at the national level could contribute to a decrease in major cardiovascular events.

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de um protocolo padronizado e simplificado, com base nos pilares técnicos da iniciativa HEARTS, para o controle de pacientes com hipertensão arterial do Programa de Saúde Cardiovascular na atenção primária à saúde do Chile. Métodos: Estudo observacional longitudinal (coorte histórica) em 2 centros de atenção primária de saúde da família em Santiago, que comparou o controle da pressão arterial em adultos com hipertensão, atingido com o protocolo padronizado e simplificado, versus o protocolo habitual, de acordo com as diretrizes nacionais. As inovações do protocolo padronizado incluíram mudanças na coordenação da equipe de saúde, início do tratamento farmacológico imediatamente após a confirmação do diagnóstico e tratamento farmacológico padronizado com associação de pelo menos 2 ou 3 anti-hipertensivos em um único comprimido, tomados uma vez ao dia. O acompanhamento foi realizado por 1 ano para avaliar o percentual de adesão ao tratamento e o cumprimento das metas de controle da pressão arterial (menor que 140/90 mmHg). Resultados: Foram avaliados 1.490 pacientes: 562 que utilizaram o protocolo padronizado e simplificado e 928 que foram tratados com o protocolo habitual (unidade de saúde da família 1: 650, unidade de saúde da família 2: 278). Em 1 ano de seguimento, os pacientes do grupo do protocolo padronizado e simplificado apresentaram maior proporção de cumprimento das metas de controle da pressão arterial (65% versus 37% e 41%, p<0,001) e maior percentual de adesão ao tratamento, em comparação com aqueles que utilizaram o protocolo habitual (71% versus 18% e 23%, p<0,001). Conclusões: Os resultados mostram que o protocolo padronizado e simplificado é mais eficaz que o protocolo habitual no controle da hipertensão arterial em pacientes que estão em tratamento na atenção primária do Chile. Sua implementação no nível nacional poderia contribuir para a redução de eventos cardiovasculares maiores.

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[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia de un protocolo estandarizado y simplificado basado en los pilares técnicos de la Iniciativa HEARTS para el control de pacientes hipertensos del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular en el primer nivel de atención de salud en Chile. Métodos. Estudio observacional longitudinal (cohorte histórica), en 2 centros de salud familiar del primer nivel de atención en Santiago, que comparó el control de presión arterial en adultos hipertensos logrado con el protocolo estandarizado y simplificado, frente al protocolo habitual, según las guías nacionales. Las inno- vaciones del protocolo estandarizado incluyeron cambios en la coordinación del equipo de salud, inicio de tratamiento farmacológico inmediatamente después de confirmación diagnóstica, tratamiento farmacológico estandarizado con combinación de al menos 2 o 3 fármacos antihipertensivos en un sólo comprimido, en una toma diaria. Se realizó seguimiento por 1 año para evaluar el porcentaje de adherencia al tratamiento y cumplimiento de metas de control de presión arterial (menor a 140/90 mmHg). Resultados. Se evaluaron 1 490 pacientes: 562 que utilizaron el protocolo estandarizado y simplificado y 928 tratados con el protocolo habitual (centros de salud familiar-1: 650, centros de salud familiar -2: 278). A 1 año de seguimiento, los pacientes del grupo del protocolo estandarizado y simplificado tuvieron mayor proporción de cumplimiento de metas de control de presión arterial (65% versus 37% y 41%, p<0,001) y mayor porcen- taje de adherencia al tratamiento en comparación con aquellos con el protocolo habitual (71% versus 18% y 23%, p<0,001). Conclusiones. Los resultados muestran que el protocolo estandarizado y simplificado es más efectivo que el protocolo habitual en el control de hipertensión arterial en pacientes en tratamiento en el primer nivel de atención en Chile. Su implementación a nivel nacional podría contribuir a la disminución de eventos cardio- vasculares mayores.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of a standardized and simplified protocol based on the technical pillars of the HEARTS Initiative for the control of hypertensive patients in the Cardiovascular Health Program at the first level of care in Chile. Methods. Longitudinal observational study (historical cohort) in two family health centers at the first level of care in Santiago. The control of blood pressure in hypertensive adults using a standardized and simplified protocol was compared to the usual protocol based on national guidelines. Innovations in the standardized protocol included changes in how the health team is coordinated, initiation of pharmacological treatment immediately after confirmed diagnosis, standardized pharmacological treatment with a combination of at least two or three antihypertensive drugs taken daily in a single tablet. Follow-up was conducted after one year to assess the percentage of adherence to treatment and achievement of blood pressure control targets (< 140/90 mmHg). Results. A total of 1490 patients were evaluated: 562 who followed the standardized and simplified protocol, and 928 who were treated with the usual protocol (family health centers: 650; family health centers: 278). After one year, patients in the standardized and simplified protocol group had a higher proportion of adherence to blood pressure control targets (65% versus 37% and 41%, p<0.001) and higher adherence to treatment com- pared to those following the usual protocol (71% versus 18% and 23%, p<0.001). Conclusions. The results show that the standardized and simplified protocol is more effective than the usual protocol in controlling arterial hypertension in patients undergoing treatment at the first level of care in Chile. Its implementation at the national level could contribute to a decrease in major cardiovascular events.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar a eficácia de um protocolo padronizado e simplificado, com base nos pilares técnicos da iniciativa HEARTS, para o controle de pacientes com hipertensão arterial do Programa de Saúde Cardiovas- cular na atenção primária à saúde do Chile. Métodos. Estudo observacional longitudinal (coorte histórica) em 2 centros de atenção primária de saúde da família em Santiago, que comparou o controle da pressão arterial em adultos com hipertensão, atingido com o protocolo padronizado e simplificado, versus o protocolo habitual, de acordo com as diretrizes nacionais. As inovações do protocolo padronizado incluíram mudanças na coordenação da equipe de saúde, início do tratamento farmacológico imediatamente após a confirmação do diagnóstico e tratamento farmacológico padronizado com associação de pelo menos 2 ou 3 anti-hipertensivos em um único comprimido, tomados uma vez ao dia. O acompanhamento foi realizado por 1 ano para avaliar o percentual de adesão ao trata- mento e o cumprimento das metas de controle da pressão arterial (menor que 140/90 mmHg). Resultados. Foram avaliados 1.490 pacientes: 562 que utilizaram o protocolo padronizado e simplificado e 928 que foram tratados com o protocolo habitual (unidade de saúde da família 1: 650, unidade de saúde da família 2: 278). Em 1 ano de seguimento, os pacientes do grupo do protocolo padronizado e simplificado apresentaram maior proporção de cumprimento das metas de controle da pressão arterial (65% versus 37% e 41%, p<0,001) e maior percentual de adesão ao tratamento, em comparação com aqueles que utilizaram o protocolo habitual (71% versus 18% e 23%, p<0,001). Conclusões. Os resultados mostram que o protocolo padronizado e simplificado é mais eficaz que o proto- colo habitual no controle da hipertensão arterial em pacientes que estão em tratamento na atenção primária do Chile. Sua implementação no nível nacional poderia contribuir para a redução de eventos cardiovasculares maiores.

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health problem. Patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis are at a higher risk of infection and mortality than the general population. Worldwide, a vaccination campaign has been developed that has been shown to reduce severe infections and deaths in the general population. However, there are currently limited data on the clinical efficacy of vaccinations in the hemodialysis population. Methods: A national multicenter observational cohort was performed in Chile to evaluate the clinical efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in end-stage renal disease patients on chronic hemodialysis from February 2021 to August 2021. In addition, the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and CoronaVac (Sinovac) vaccines were evaluated. The efficacy of vaccination in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalizations, and deaths associated with COVID-19 was determined. Results: A total of 12,301 patients were evaluated; 10,615 (86.3%) received a complete vaccination (2 doses), 490 (4.0%) received incomplete vaccination, and 1196 (9.7%) were not vaccinated. During follow-up, 1362 (11.0%) patients developed COVID-19, and 150 died (case fatality rate: 11.0%). The efficacy of the complete vaccination in preventing infection was 18.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]:11.8-23.8%), and prevention of death was 66.0% (95% CI:60.6-70.7%). When comparing both vaccines, BNT162b2 and CoronaVac were effective in reducing infection and deaths associated with COVID-19. Nevertheless, the BNT162b2 vaccine had higher efficacy in preventing infection (42.6% vs. 15.0%) and deaths (90.4% vs. 64.8%) compared to CoronaVac. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in patients on chronic hemodialysis was effective in preventing infection and death associated with COVID-19.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has been responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Patients with comorbidities- such as those on peritoneal dialysis (PD)- present higher morbidity and mortality than the general population. We prospectively evaluated all Chilean patients on PD (48 centres) and followed those who had Covid-19 from the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic in Chile (March 2020) to January 2021 (start of vaccination campaign). We described demographic history, comorbidities, factors related to infection, need for hospitalisation and death due to Covid-19. During the study period, 106 adults on PD were infected by SARS-CoV-2, with a mean age of 53.1 (±16.3) and of which 53.9% were female. From that group, 54.8% required hospitalisation and 24.5% (n = 26) died due to Covid-19. Most of the patients (63.4%) were infected at home and 22.8% during hospitalisation for other reasons. There was a significant association for Covid-19 mortality with: being ≥60 years old, diabetes, time on PD ≥5 years, need for hospitalisation and hospital-acquired infection. At 90 days of follow-up, all deaths associated to Covid-19 occurred before 40 days. We conclude that patients on PD without Covid-19 vaccination have a high mortality and need for hospitalisation associated to Covid-19. To avoid this negative outcome, it is necessary to intensify strategies to avoid contagion, especially in those ≥60 years old, with diabetes and/or ≥5 years spent on PD.

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RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia de un protocolo estandarizado y simplificado basado en los pilares técnicos de la Iniciativa HEARTS para el control de pacientes hipertensos del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular en el primer nivel de atención de salud en Chile. Métodos. Estudio observacional longitudinal (cohorte histórica), en 2 centros de salud familiar del primer nivel de atención en Santiago, que comparó el control de presión arterial en adultos hipertensos logrado con el protocolo estandarizado y simplificado, frente al protocolo habitual, según las guías nacionales. Las innovaciones del protocolo estandarizado incluyeron cambios en la coordinación del equipo de salud, inicio de tratamiento farmacológico inmediatamente después de confirmación diagnóstica, tratamiento farmacológico estandarizado con combinación de al menos 2 o 3 fármacos antihipertensivos en un sólo comprimido, en una toma diaria. Se realizó seguimiento por 1 año para evaluar el porcentaje de adherencia al tratamiento y cumplimiento de metas de control de presión arterial (menor a 140/90 mmHg). Resultados. Se evaluaron 1 490 pacientes: 562 que utilizaron el protocolo estandarizado y simplificado y 928 tratados con el protocolo habitual (centros de salud familiar-1: 650, centros de salud familiar -2: 278). A 1 año de seguimiento, los pacientes del grupo del protocolo estandarizado y simplificado tuvieron mayor proporción de cumplimiento de metas de control de presión arterial (65% versus 37% y 41%, p<0,001) y mayor porcentaje de adherencia al tratamiento en comparación con aquellos con el protocolo habitual (71% versus 18% y 23%, p<0,001). Conclusiones. Los resultados muestran que el protocolo estandarizado y simplificado es más efectivo que el protocolo habitual en el control de hipertensión arterial en pacientes en tratamiento en el primer nivel de atención en Chile. Su implementación a nivel nacional podría contribuir a la disminución de eventos cardiovasculares mayores.

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of a standardized and simplified protocol based on the technical pillars of the HEARTS Initiative for the control of hypertensive patients in the Cardiovascular Health Program at the first level of care in Chile. Methods. Longitudinal observational study (historical cohort) in two family health centers at the first level of care in Santiago. The control of blood pressure in hypertensive adults using a standardized and simplified protocol was compared to the usual protocol based on national guidelines. Innovations in the standardized protocol included changes in how the health team is coordinated, initiation of pharmacological treatment immediately after confirmed diagnosis, standardized pharmacological treatment with a combination of at least two or three antihypertensive drugs taken daily in a single tablet. Follow-up was conducted after one year to assess the percentage of adherence to treatment and achievement of blood pressure control targets (< 140/90 mmHg). Results. A total of 1490 patients were evaluated: 562 who followed the standardized and simplified protocol, and 928 who were treated with the usual protocol (family health centers: 650; family health centers: 278). After one year, patients in the standardized and simplified protocol group had a higher proportion of adherence to blood pressure control targets (65% versus 37% and 41%, p<0.001) and higher adherence to treatment compared to those following the usual protocol (71% versus 18% and 23%, p<0.001). Conclusions. The results show that the standardized and simplified protocol is more effective than the usual protocol in controlling arterial hypertension in patients undergoing treatment at the first level of care in Chile. Its implementation at the national level could contribute to a decrease in major cardiovascular events.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar a eficácia de um protocolo padronizado e simplificado, com base nos pilares técnicos da iniciativa HEARTS, para o controle de pacientes com hipertensão arterial do Programa de Saúde Cardiovascular na atenção primária à saúde do Chile. Métodos. Estudo observacional longitudinal (coorte histórica) em 2 centros de atenção primária de saúde da família em Santiago, que comparou o controle da pressão arterial em adultos com hipertensão, atingido com o protocolo padronizado e simplificado, versus o protocolo habitual, de acordo com as diretrizes nacionais. As inovações do protocolo padronizado incluíram mudanças na coordenação da equipe de saúde, início do tratamento farmacológico imediatamente após a confirmação do diagnóstico e tratamento farmacológico padronizado com associação de pelo menos 2 ou 3 anti-hipertensivos em um único comprimido, tomados uma vez ao dia. O acompanhamento foi realizado por 1 ano para avaliar o percentual de adesão ao tratamento e o cumprimento das metas de controle da pressão arterial (menor que 140/90 mmHg). Resultados. Foram avaliados 1.490 pacientes: 562 que utilizaram o protocolo padronizado e simplificado e 928 que foram tratados com o protocolo habitual (unidade de saúde da família 1: 650, unidade de saúde da família 2: 278). Em 1 ano de seguimento, os pacientes do grupo do protocolo padronizado e simplificado apresentaram maior proporção de cumprimento das metas de controle da pressão arterial (65% versus 37% e 41%, p<0,001) e maior percentual de adesão ao tratamento, em comparação com aqueles que utilizaram o protocolo habitual (71% versus 18% e 23%, p<0,001). Conclusões. Os resultados mostram que o protocolo padronizado e simplificado é mais eficaz que o protocolo habitual no controle da hipertensão arterial em pacientes que estão em tratamento na atenção primária do Chile. Sua implementação no nível nacional poderia contribuir para a redução de eventos cardiovasculares maiores.

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OBJECTIVES: As part of the HEARTS in the Americas initiative, Chilean primary healthcare centers have implemented novel hypertension management strategies, including new diagnostic approaches. This study evaluated the concordance between attended automated office blood pressure (AOBP) measurements with an oscillometric device and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). METHODS: This was an observational cohort study to evaluate and compare attended AOBP and ABPM for the diagnosis of hypertension in adults in a primary healthcare setting. RESULTS: The study evaluated 309 participants (54.2 ± 15.7 years; 50.5% male) from four primary healthcare centers in Santiago, Chile. Attended AOBP measurements were obtained at the clinic on two separate days, followed by ABPM. AOBP values indicated that 69.6% of patients had a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≥140 mm Hg and 34.6% had a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of ≥90 mm Hg. A total of 83.5% had hypertension, 45.3% had high SBP, and 56.0% had high DBP. ABPM values indicated that 65.0% of patients had hypertension. The combined AOBP and ABPM analysis showed that 57.0% of patients had sustained hypertension, 26.5% had white coat hypertension, 8.1% had masked hypertension, and 8.4% were normotensive. The concordance between AOBP and ABPM (κ coefficient) was low (κ = 0.133; 95% confidence interval 0.028-0.237). The comparison of AOBP and ABPM measurements (Bland-Altman plots and bias calculations) showed an important bias in BP as measured using the AOBP method, especially for SBP (13.7 ± 11.6, 95% confidence interval -9.1 to 36.5). CONCLUSIONS: Attended AOBP alone may not be sufficient for adequate classification, diagnosis, and management of hypertension in Chile or other countries with similar demographics.

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OBJECTIVE: Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce albuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to assess the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on albuminuria, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and inflammatory markers in patients with CKD. METHODS: Patients with CKD and a urine albumin excretion of at least 30 mg/g creatinine were supplemented for 3 months with 3,666 mg/day of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids or a corn oil supplement. The study was double blind. At baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks, fasting blood and morning spot urine samples were obtained. Blood pressure, carotid intima media thickness, and pulse wave velocity were measured. The main outcome measure was a reduction of ≥20% in urine albumin. RESULTS: One hundred patients were randomized (50 received omega-3 fatty acids and 50 received corn oil). Four patients who received omega-3 fatty acids and 5 who received vegetable oil were lost to follow-up. In patients receiving omega-3 fatty acids, the omega-3 index increased from 3.08 (2.32-3.81) to 5.48 (3.045-7.04) percent. A 20% reduction in urine albumin excretion was observed in 13 participants of the control group and 19 participants of omega-3 group (Fisher's exact P = .274). However, the supplement had a significant and positive effect on pulse wave velocity and triglyceride level. CONCLUSION: An omega-3 fatty acid supplement of 3,666 mg/day did not modify urine albumin excretion in patients with CKD but did improve pulse wave velocity and serum triglyceride levels.

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BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health concern, and available treatments are insufficient in limiting disease progression. New strategies, including regenerative cell-based therapies, have emerged as therapeutic alternatives. Results from several groups, including our own, have reported evidence of a supportive role for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in functional recovery and prevention of tissue damage in murine models of CKD. Prompted by these data, an open pilot study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of a single injection of autologous adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) for treatment of CKD. METHODS: AT-MSCs were infused intravenously into six CKD patients at a dose of 1 million cells/kg. Patients were stabilized and followed for one year prior to MSC infusion and one year following infusion. RESULTS: No patients presented with adverse effects. Statistically significant improvement in urinary protein excretion was observed in AT-MSCs transplanted patients, from a median of 0.75 g/day (range, 0.15-9.57) at baseline to 0.54 g/day (range, 0.01-2.66) at month 12 (P = 0.046). The glomerular filtration rate was not significantly decreased post-infusion of AT-MSCs. CONCLUSION: Findings from this pilot study demonstrate that intravenous infusion of autologous expanded AT-MSCs into CKD patients was not associated with adverse effects and could benefit patients already undergoing standard medical treatment.