RESUMO
The yellow fever virus (YFV) epidemic in Brazil is the largest in decades. The recent discovery of YFV in Brazilian Aedes species mosquitos highlights a need to monitor the risk of reestablishment of urban YFV transmission in the Americas. We use a suite of epidemiological, spatial, and genomic approaches to characterize YFV transmission. We show that the age and sex distribution of human cases is characteristic of sylvatic transmission. Analysis of YFV cases combined with genomes generated locally reveals an early phase of sylvatic YFV transmission and spatial expansion toward previously YFV-free areas, followed by a rise in viral spillover to humans in late 2016. Our results establish a framework for monitoring YFV transmission in real time that will contribute to a global strategy to eliminate future YFV epidemics.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Genômica/métodos , Febre Amarela/prevenção & controle , Febre Amarela/transmissão , Vírus da Febre Amarela/isolamento & purificação , Aedes/virologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Evolução Molecular , Humanos , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Febre Amarela/epidemiologia , Febre Amarela/virologia , Vírus da Febre Amarela/classificação , Vírus da Febre Amarela/genéticaRESUMO
The present work aims to analyse jointly four contiguous watersheds in the eastern part of the Serra da Mantiqueira with respect to the distribution of fish fauna and physical structure. The watersheds of Piracuama river, Ribeirão Grande, Buenos and Guaratinguetá are located in Pindamonhangaba, Campos do Jordão and Guaratinguetá municipalities, in the state of São Paulo. Data were collected between the years 2001 and 2010, with collections distributed throughout the seasons, including sites located on the slope and piedmont. The limnological parameters analysed were different between watersheds and habitat structure was different only for the slope segments between Ribeirão Grande and Buenos watersheds, and between Ribeirão Grande and Piracuama watersheds. Thirty-five species of fish were caught, with the highest species richness found in the Ribeirão Grande watershed (30 species), followed by the Piracuama (23 species) and Buenos and Guaratinguetá (21 species each). The most abundant species in both the segments (slope and piedmont) was Trichomycterus itatiayae. The highest degree of species dominance occurred in the Guaratinguetá watershed and in the segment slope, being T. itatiayae the dominant species. Species diversity was lower at the slope than the piedmont, indicating variability in species abundance. Again T. itatiayae was the most abundant species in both segments, showing to be a well adapted species to these streams systems by presenting, as well as other species, morphological adaptations to the stream environment.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Peixes/classificação , Animais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Água Doce , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The present work aims to analyse jointly four contiguous watersheds in the eastern part of the Serra da Mantiqueira with respect to the distribution of fish fauna and physical structure. The watersheds of Piracuama river, Ribeirão Grande, Buenos and Guaratinguetá are located in Pindamonhangaba, Campos do Jordão and Guaratinguetá municipalities, in the state of São Paulo. Data were collected between the years 2001 and 2010, with collections distributed throughout the seasons, including sites located on the slope and piedmont. The limnological parameters analysed were different between watersheds and habitat structure was different only for the slope segments between Ribeirão Grande and Buenos watersheds, and between Ribeirão Grande and Piracuama watersheds. Thirty-five species of fish were caught, with the highest species richness found in the Ribeirão Grande watershed (30 species), followed by the Piracuama (23 species) and Buenos and Guaratinguetá (21 species each). The most abundant species in both the segments (slope and piedmont) was Trichomycterus itatiayae. The highest degree of species dominance occurred in the Guaratinguetá watershed and in the segment slope, being T. itatiayae the dominant species. Species diversity was lower at the slope than the piedmont, indicating variability in species abundance. Again T. itatiayae was the most abundant species in both segments, showing to be a well adapted species to these streams systems by presenting, as well as other species, morphological adaptations to the stream environment.(AU)
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar conjuntamente quatro microbacias contíguas na serra da Mantiqueira oriental com respeito à distribuição da ictiofauna e estrutura física. As microbacias do rio Piracuama, do Ribeirão Grande, do ribeirão dos Buenos e do rio Guaratinguetá situam-se nos municípios de Pindamonhangaba, Campos do Jordão e Guaratinguetá, no estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados entre os anos de 2001 e 2010, sendo as coletas distribuídas ao longo das estações e contemplando pontos localizados na encosta e no pediplano. Os parâmetros limnológicos analisados foram diferentes entre as microbacias e a estrutura de habitat foi diferente apenas para os segmentos de encosta entre as microbacias do Ribeirão Grande e Buenos, e entre Ribeirão Grande e Piracuama. Trinta e cinco espécies de peixes foram capturadas, sendo a maior riqueza de espécies encontrada na microbacia do Ribeirão Grande (30 espécies), seguida pela do rio Piracuama (23 espécies) e dos Buenos e Guaratinguetá (21 espécies cada). A espécie mais abundante tanto na encosta como pediplano foi Trichomycterus itatiayae. O maior grau de dominância de espécies ocorreu na microbacia do Guaratinguetá e no segmento de encosta, sendo T. itatiayae a espécie dominante. A diversidade de espécies para encosta foi inferior à do pediplano, indicando variabilidade na abundância das espécies. Novamente T. itatiayae foi a espécie mais abundante nos dois segmentos, espécie bem adaptada a esses sistemas de riachos por apresentar, assim como outras espécies, adaptações morfológicas ao ambiente de riachos torrentosos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Biodiversidade , Peixes/classificação , Monitoramento Ambiental , Água Doce , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do AnoRESUMO
A Tabebuia impetiginosa, conhecida popularmente como ipê-roxo, é uma planta nativa das florestas tropicais chuvosas da América do Sul e Central. Componentes químicos obtidos da casca têm mostrado efeito terapêutico, como antiinflamatório, antifúngico e antibacteriano. Porém, pela falta de dados na literatura, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos do extrato das flores. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial mutagênico e antimutagênico do extrato obtido das flores da T. impetiginosa, em três diferentes concentrações (100, 300 e 500 mg kg-1 p.c.) pelo teste do micronúcleo. Para o teste de mutagenicidade, a doxorrubicina (DXR, 90 mg kg-1 p.c.) foi utilizada como indutor de danos no DNA e para o teste de antimutagenicidade, os tratamentos com o extrato foram realizados simultaneamente com este agente químico. O sangue periférico dos animais foi coletado 24 horas após os tratamentos. A comparação da frequência de eritrócitos policromáticos (PCEs) em 400 eritrócitos/animal entre os diferentes grupos não demonstrou qualquer citotoxicidade do extrato. Em relação às frequências de micronúcleos em PCEs (PCEMNs), não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos tratados com as diferentes concentrações de extrato e o controle negativo. Da mesma forma, todos os grupos de animais que receberam os tratamentos simultâneo do extrato (100, 300 ou 500 mg kg-1 p.c.) com a DXR, apresentaram valores de PCEMNs muito próximos quando comparados com os dados observados no grupo de animais que recebeu somente a DXR. Esses resultados apresentados indicam ausência de efeito mutagênico e antimutagênico do extrato obtido das flores da T. impetiginosa em sistema teste in vivo.
T. impetiginosa, known as "ipê-roxo", is a plant native to tropical rain forests of Central and South Americas. Chemical compounds obtained from its bark have shown anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial therapeutic effect. However, due to the lack of data in the literature, little is known about the effects of its flower extract. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of the extract obtained from T. impetiginosa flowers at three different concentrations (100, 300 and 500 mg kg-1 p.c.) by the micronucleus test. For the mutagenicity test, doxorubicin (DXR, 90 mg kg-1 p.c.) was used as DNA-damage inducer, while for the antimutagenicity test, treatments with the extract were performed simultaneously with this chemical agent. The peripheral blood of animals was collected 24 hours after the treatments. The frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in 400 erythrocytes/animal was compared among the different groups and showed no extract cytotoxicity. As regards the frequency of micronuclei in PCEs (PCEMNs), there were no significant differences between the groups treated with different concentrations of extract and the negative control. Similarly, all groups of animals that received the simultaneous extract treatments (100, 300 or 500 mg kg-1 p.c.) with DXR showed very similar values of PCEMNs when compared with the data observed for the group of animals that received DXR alone. These results indicate no mutagenic and antimutagenic effect of the extract obtained from T. impetiginosa flowers in the testing system in vivo.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Antimutagênicos/análise , Flores , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Extratos Vegetais , Tabebuia , Análise de Variância , Testes para Micronúcleos/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The 5382insC mutation in BRCA1 is a frequently reported mutation, being very prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe. This mutation was recurrently reported in Brazil and one case was reported Portugal, but not in Spain and other South-American countries,. We analyzed the haplotypic profile of seven Brazilian carriers of 5382insC to characterize a possible founder effect. The analyses indicated that mutation carriers shared an identical haplotype. The absence of this mutation in Spain, other South American countries, and sub-Saharan populations, as well as the patients' own ancestry, point to a significant Central or Eastern European contribution to the present genetic background of Brazilian population, different from the population structuring of remaining South American countries.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Efeito Fundador , Genes BRCA1 , Mutação , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Adulto , Sequência de Bases , Brasil , Primers do DNA , Feminino , Haplótipos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Sequence variation at the proximal MDR1 promoter of 72 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was investigated and its association with P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression and activity using flow cytometry were analyzed. Two variants were found: -129T/C and a non-described A/T substitution at position +68 of intron 1 in one patient. Three different genotypes were identified for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -129T/C: 60 patients TT, 11 individuals TC, and 1 CC. No significant association was found between SNP variants and Pgp activity and expression, at protein level. Our data also suggested that an evaluation of MDR1 promoter polymorphisms is of uncertain prognostic value.