RESUMO

Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni are among the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide, and poultry products are strongly associated with foodborne pathogen outbreaks. These pathogens are capable of producing biofilms on several surfaces used in the food processing industry, including polyethylene and stainless steel. However, studies on multi-species biofilms are rare. Therefore, this study aimed to develop predictive mathematical models to simulate the adhesion and removal of multispecies biofilms. All combinations of microorganisms resulted in biofilm formation with differences in bacterial counts. E. coli showed the greatest ability to adhere to both surfaces, followed by S. Enteritidis and C. jejuni. The incubation time and temperature did not influence adhesion. Biofilm removal was effective with citric acid and benzalkonium chloride but not with rhamnolipid. Among the generated models, 46 presented a significant coefficient of determination (R2), with the highest R2 being 0.88. These results provide support for the poultry industry in creating biofilm control and eradication programs to avoid the risk of contamination of poultry meat.

RESUMO

Poultry products are recognized as the main source of Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni infections in humans, while avian pathogenic Escherichia coli may have zoonotic potential and can be transmitted from chicken meat to humans. Biofilm formation contributes to their spread through the food chain. This study aimed to compare the adhesion of Salmonella Enteritidis, E. coli, and C. jejuni strains isolated from poultry, food implicated in outbreaks, and poultry slaughterhouses on three surfaces widely used in poultry production (polystyrene, stainless steel, and polyethylene). S. Enteritidis and E. coli adhesion on the three surfaces tested were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Interestingly, the number of C. jejuni cells on stainless steel (4.51-4.67 log10 CFU/cm.-2) was significantly higher (p = 0.0004) than that on polystyrene (3.80-4.25 log10 CFU/cm.-2), but similar (p > 0.05) to that on polyethylene (4.03-4.36 log10 CFU/cm.-2). However, C. jejuni adhesion was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than S. Enteritidis and E. coli adhesion, regardless of the surface evaluated. In addition, scanning electron microscopy analyses have shown an increased irregularity of the stainless steel surface when compared to polyethylene and polystyrene. These irregularities form small spaces ideal for microbial adhesion.

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Owing to its antimicrobial activity, electrochemically activated water (ECAW) is a potential alternative to chemical disinfectants for eliminating foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella Heidelberg, from food processing facilities. However, their antibiofilm activity remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of ECAW against S. Heidelberg biofilms formed on stainless steel and polyethylene and to determine its corrosive capacity. ECAW (200 ppm) and a broad-spectrum disinfectant (0.2%) were tested for their antibiofilm activity against S. Heidelberg at 25 °C and 37 °C after 10 and 20 min of contact with stainless steel and polyethylene. Potentiostatic polarization tests were performed to compare the corrosive capacity of both compounds. Both compounds were effective in removing S. Heidelberg biofilms. Bacterial counts were significantly lower with ECAW than with disinfectant in polyethylene, regardless the time of contact. The time of contact and the surface significantly influenced the bacterial counts of S. Heidelberg. Temperature was not an important factor affecting the antibiofilm activities of the compounds. ECAW was less corrosive than the disinfectant. ECAW demonstrated a similar or even superior effect in the control of S. Heidelberg biofilms, when compared to disinfectants, reducing bacterial counts by up to 5 log10 CFU cm-2. The corrosion of stainless steel with ECAW was similar to that of commercial disinfectants. This technology is a possible alternative for controlling S. Heidelberg in the food production chain.

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Background: The dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms in hatcheries leads to a higher number of contaminated eggs, causing reduction in hatchability and increase of discarded chicks. Sanitation programs are crucial for maximum hatchability and chick quality. Efforts have been made to find alternative approaches to the conventional disinfectants, and surfaces with copper, which have antimicrobial properties, could assist in this process. However, the possible adverse effects of copper surfaces on chicks in hatcheries have not yet been evaluated. The present study aimed at developing hatch baskets composed of copper and evaluating the effect of these baskets on the productive indexes of a hatchery. Materials, Methods & Results: For this experiment, 3.15 kg hatch tray prototypes with 99.9% Cu (Cu11000) were developed to fit inside conventional polypropylene hatch baskets (580 × 755 × 83 mm). Six polypropylene hatch baskets (control group) and six polypropylene hatch baskets covered by 99.9% copper (Cu11000) hatch trays (test group) were evaluated during 5 hatchings. Hatched eggs and chicks remained in contact with the hatch basket surfaces for at least 72 h, corresponding to the entire period in which they were located in the hatcher. Cleaning and disinfection programs of the hatchery were not modified. The level of microbial contamination on the hatch baskets was evaluated at 6 different periods: 0 h (initial contamination after disinfection and egg transfer to the trays); 24 h, 30 h, 45 h and 60 h after the first sampling; and at the moment when chicks were removed from the hatching cabinet and transferred to the chick-holding room (> 60 h). Counting of total moulds and yeasts, mesophilic microorganisms, Enterobacteria and Escherichia coli colonies was performed. The number of hatched chicks, non-hatched eggs, and chicks discarded were registered for each hatching. Microbiologic analyses showed no growth on hatch baskets neither of the..

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RESUMO

Salmonella spp. are among the leading pathogens responsible for foodborne illnesses worldwide. Bacterial communities use a quorum sensing (QS) system to control biofilm formation. QS is a cell-to-cell signaling mechanism involving compounds called auto-inducers (AI). Norepinephrine utilizes the same bacterial signaling of AI-3 and serves as a signal of QS. Acid stress is a challenge encountered by microorganisms in food processing environments and in the gastrointestinal tracts of hosts. Thus, adaptation to acidic environments may increase the pathogenicity of the strain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of two concentrations of norepinephrine (100 µM and 250 µM) and acidification (pH 3.0) of the medium on the growth and adhesion of Salmonella Heidelberg strains isolated from poultry sources at 12 °C and 25 °C. Furthermore, three genes associated with the biofilm formation process were detected (adrA, csgD, and sidA). Norepinephrine stimulation did not influence the growth or adhesion of Salmonella Heidelberg strains, regardless of the catecholamine concentration and temperature. On the other hand, the use of acidified medium (pH 3.0) resulted in a significant reduction of growth and a significant increase of S. Heidelberg adhesion at both temperatures, indicating that the acidified medium favors the biofilm formation process. The adrA and sidA genes showed higher detection frequencies than csgD. Experiments analyzing the biofilm production process by S. Heidelberg strains are not common, and further studies are necessary to understand this complex process.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Salmonella spp. are the main pathogens responsible for foodborne disease worldwide. Bacterial communities use the quorum sensing system to control biofilm formation. These systems function through the secretion of substances, called auto-inducers (AI), into the environment. AI-3 is structurally similar to epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NOR) -catecholamines secreted by eukaryotic cells to communicate with each other. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of EPI and NOR on biofilm formation by S. Enteritidis at 12 °C and 25 °C. Also, we detected the presence of the csgD, adrA, and fimA genes in these strains. Biofilm formation was investigated at two temperatures (12 °C and 25 °C) using a microtiter plate assay, under four different treatments (50 mM EPI, 100 mM EPI, 50 mM NOR; 100 mM NOR) and a control group. PCR was used to detect the virulence genes associated with biofilm production. A greater number of biofilm producer isolates were observed at 25 °C than at 12 °C, regardless of the treatment. The number of biofilms forming strains at 12 °C was significantly higher in the treatment with norepinephrine at 100 µM. The proportion of non-producer and biofilm producer strains at 25 °C did not differ significantly among the treatments. All strains presented the three genes (csgD, adrA, and fimA). The approach carried out in this work is a precursor in veterinary medicine, focusing on both public and poultry health, and evaluates the influence of catecholamines on the formation of biofilms with S. Enteritidis, an important pathogen with zoonotic potential. Norepinephrine seems to be more efficient at stimulating biofilm formation by S. Enteritidis strains at 12 °C. csgD, fimA, and adrA were detected in all strains.

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El cobre metálico ha atraído atención desde 2008, cuando casi 300 aleaciones fueron registradas por la agencia estadounidense Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) como superficies de contacto antimicrobianas. Escherichia coli O157: H7; Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistente (MRSA); Clostridium difficile; Salmonella enterica; Campylobacter jejuni; Listeria monocytogenes; Candida albicans e Influenza A (H1N1) están entre los microorganismos comprobadamente inactivados por el cobre. Ensayos hospitalarios demostraron una reducción de 58% de las infecciones nosocomiales en pacientes de Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) en habitaciones equipadas con superficies de cobre. El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo evaluar la posibilidad de introducir esas superficies en diversas áreas de la veterinaria a través de una revisión bibliográfica de los principales estudios realizados a respecto del cobre y de sus aleaciones. Con base en las propiedades bactericidas, fungicidas y virucidas encontradas, se puede inferir la cantidad de beneficios que el cobre puede traer a la medicina veterinaria tanto en la producción animal como en seguridad de los alimentos y la salud pública. La aplicación de las superficies antimicrobianas podrá resultar en menores tasas de infecciones y menor uso de antibióticos, reducción de costos con tratamiento, mejor desempeño zootécnico y reducción de la transmisión de zoonosis.(AU)

The metallic copper has attracted attention since 2008, when nearly 300 alloys were registered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as antimicrobial touch surfaces. Escherichia coli O157:H7; Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant (MRSA); Clostridium difficile; Salmonella enterica; Campylobacter jejuni; Listeria monocytogenes; Candida albicans and Influenza A (H1N1) have proven to be inactivated by copper. Hospital assays showed a 58% reduction of nosocomial infections in intensive care units (ICU) in rooms with copper surfaces. This study aimed to assess the possibility of introducing these surfaces in various areas of veterinary medicine through a review of major studies with regard to copper and its alloys. Based on the bactericidal, fungicide and virucide properties found, it can be inferred that the amount of benefits that copper may bring to veterinary medicine, regarding livestock as well as for food safety and public health. The application of antimicrobial surfaces could result in lower rates of infections and less antibiotic use, reduce treatment costs, better production performance and reducing transmission of zoonosis.(AU)

O cobre metálico tem atraído atenção desde 2008, quando quase 300 ligas foram registrada pela agência norte-americana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) como superfícies de contato antimicrobianas. Escherichia coli O157:H7; Staphylococcus aureus meticilina-resistente (MRSA); Clostridium difficile; Salmonella enterica; Campylobacter jejuni; Listeria monocytogenes; Candida albicans e Influenza A (H1N1) estão entre os microrganismos comprovadamente inativados pelo cobre. Ensaios hospitalares demonstraram uma redução de 58% das infecções nosocomiais em pacientes de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) em quartos equipados com superfícies de cobre. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade da introdução dessas superfícies nas diversas áreas da veterinária através de uma revisão bibliográfica dos principais estudos realizados a respeito do cobre e de suas ligas. Com base nas propriedades bactericidas, fungicidas e virucidas encontradas, pode-se inferir a quantidade de benefícios que o cobre pode trazer à medicina veterinária, tanto na produção animal, quanto em segurança dos alimentos e saúde pública. A aplicação das superfícies antimicrobianas poderá resultar em menores taxas de infecções e menor uso de antibióticos, redução de custos com tratamento, melhor desempenho zootécnico e redução da transmissão de zoonoses.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

El cobre metálico ha atraído atención desde 2008, cuando casi 300 aleaciones fueron registradas por la agencia estadounidense Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) como superficies de contacto antimicrobianas. Escherichia coli O157: H7; Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistente (MRSA); Clostridium difficile; Salmonella enterica; Campylobacter jejuni; Listeria monocytogenes; Candida albicans e Influenza A (H1N1) están entre los microorganismos comprobadamente inactivados por el cobre. Ensayos hospitalarios demostraron una reducción de 58% de las infecciones nosocomiales en pacientes de Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) en habitaciones equipadas con superficies de cobre. El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo evaluar la posibilidad de introducir esas superficies en diversas áreas de la veterinaria a través de una revisión bibliográfica de los principales estudios realizados a respecto del cobre y de sus aleaciones. Con base en las propiedades bactericidas, fungicidas y virucidas encontradas, se puede inferir la cantidad de beneficios que el cobre puede traer a la medicina veterinaria tanto en la producción animal como en seguridad de los alimentos y la salud pública. La aplicación de las superficies antimicrobianas podrá resultar en menores tasas de infecciones y menor uso de antibióticos, reducción de costos con tratamiento, mejor desempeño zootécnico y reducción de la transmisión de zoonosis.

The metallic copper has attracted attention since 2008, when nearly 300 alloys were registered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as antimicrobial touch surfaces. Escherichia coli O157:H7; Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant (MRSA); Clostridium difficile; Salmonella enterica; Campylobacter jejuni; Listeria monocytogenes; Candida albicans and Influenza A (H1N1) have proven to be inactivated by copper. Hospital assays showed a 58% reduction of nosocomial infections in intensive care units (ICU) in rooms with copper surfaces. This study aimed to assess the possibility of introducing these surfaces in various areas of veterinary medicine through a review of major studies with regard to copper and its alloys. Based on the bactericidal, fungicide and virucide properties found, it can be inferred that the amount of benefits that copper may bring to veterinary medicine, regarding livestock as well as for food safety and public health. The application of antimicrobial surfaces could result in lower rates of infections and less antibiotic use, reduce treatment costs, better production performance and reducing transmission of zoonosis.

O cobre metálico tem atraído atenção desde 2008, quando quase 300 ligas foram registrada pela agência norte-americana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) como superfícies de contato antimicrobianas. Escherichia coli O157:H7; Staphylococcus aureus meticilina-resistente (MRSA); Clostridium difficile; Salmonella enterica; Campylobacter jejuni; Listeria monocytogenes; Candida albicans e Influenza A (H1N1) estão entre os microrganismos comprovadamente inativados pelo cobre. Ensaios hospitalares demonstraram uma redução de 58% das infecções nosocomiais em pacientes de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) em quartos equipados com superfícies de cobre. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade da introdução dessas superfícies nas diversas áreas da veterinária através de uma revisão bibliográfica dos principais estudos realizados a respeito do cobre e de suas ligas. Com base nas propriedades bactericidas, fungicidas e virucidas encontradas, pode-se inferir a quantidade de benefícios que o cobre pode trazer à medicina veterinária, tanto na produção animal, quanto em segurança dos alimentos e saúde pública. A aplicação das superfícies antimicrobianas poderá resultar em menores taxas de infecções e menor uso de antibióticos, redução de custos com tratamento, melhor desempenho zootécnico e redução da transmissão de zoonoses.

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