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This research investigates discrimination against suspected Islamic terrorists based on tolerance for the use of torture. This research is justified by the need to identify how intergroup and ideological factors combine to express discrimination. Two experimental studies were conducted with a between-subjects design. Study 1 (N = 282) analysed the terrorist threat against the ingroup and the nationality of torturers with respect to support for torture against suspected Islamic terrorists. Study 2 (N = 165) analysed the interaction among terrorist threat against the ingroup and perceived threat (realistic and symbolic) as moderators in the relationship between RWA and discrimination. Study 1 indicated that support for torture was greater when the victims of terrorist acts and the torturers belonged to the ingroup. Study 2 indicated that the perceived threat encourages support for the use of torture, regardless of the levels of RWA. Taken together, these results elucidate the psychosocial processes that are present in the hostility towards social minorities from predominantly Muslim countries and in the strengthening of xenophobic political positions.

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Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium tucumaniae is a significant threat to soybean production in Argentina. This study assessed the susceptibility of SY 3 × 7 and SPS 4 × 4 soybeans cultivars to F. tucumaniae and studied changes in root isoflavone levels after infection. Additionally, the biocontrol potential of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) against SDS was also examined. Our results demonstrated that the SY 3 × 7 cultivar exhibited higher disease severity and total fresh weight loss than SPS 4 × 4. Both cultivars showed induction of daidzein, glycitein, and genistein in response to infection, with the partially resistant cultivar displaying significantly higher daidzein levels than the susceptible cultivar at 14 days post infection (dpi) (2.74 vs 2.17-fold), declining to a lesser extent at 23 dpi (0.94 vs 0.35-fold, respectively). However, daidzein was not able to inhibit F. tucumaniae growth in in vitro assays probably due to its conversion to an isoflavonoid phytoalexin which would ultimately be an effective fungal inhibitor. Furthermore, the PGPR bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BNM340 displayed antagonistic activity against F. tucumaniae and reduced SDS symptoms in infected plants. This study sheds light on the varying susceptibility of soybean cultivars to SDS, offers insights into isoflavone responses during infection, and demonstrates the potential of PGPR as a biocontrol strategy for SDS management, providing ways for disease control in soybean production.

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Oral infections due to yeasts of the genus Candida are very common in patients with predisposing factors, such as physiological conditions or certain underlying diseases. Moreover, oral candidiasis can also evolve into disseminated forms. In this work, strains of the genus Candida were studied to establish the optimal radiation conditions for photosensitizing compounds, in a photodynamic antifungal therapy protocol. A total of 39 isolates were evaluated. The strains were exposed to twelve dyestuffs, eight radiation sources and three different exposure times. Orthotoluidine blue exhibited good photodynamic activity, in combination with exposure to a 20W reflector lamp LED (light-emitting diode) light for 60minutes. When considering the difficulties of using conventional antifungal drugs, the emergence of resistant strains, recurrences, and adverse reactions of certain commonly used drugs, the photodynamic antifungal therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of localized infections.

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BACKGROUND: The emergence of azole resistance in non-fumigatus Aspergillus strains is on the raise. OBJECTIVES: To study the susceptibility profiles and the molecular mechanisms of azole resistance of environmental and clinical strains of Aspergillus flavus from Argentina. METHODS: Thirty-five A flavus isolates (18 from soybean seeds and chickpea seeds and 17 from the clinic) were analysed for amphotericin B and azole resistance using the standard microbroth dilution method according to CLSI M38-A2 guidelines. Sequencing analysis of the cyp51 genes was conducted in those isolates displaying high MICs values to itraconazole, voriconazole and/or posaconazole. RESULTS: Among the environmental isolates, 33.3% of them showed high MIC values for at least one triazole whereas 23.5% of the clinical isolates displayed high MIC values for amphotericin B. Point mutations in the Cyp51C gene were recorded in most environmental isolates with non-wild-type MIC values. CONCLUSIONS: Susceptibility differences among environmental A flavus isolates might suggest the possibility of native resistance to certain triazole antifungals used in the clinic. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of antifungal screening of environmental strains of A flavus in soybean seeds and chickpea seeds from Argentina that showed increased resistance to voriconazole and itraconazole in comparison to clinical strains.

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Abstract This work aimed to analyze the influence of stereotypes on discrimination against women. Specifically, it investigated the effects of the candidate gender (man vs. woman), the status regarding parental leave (exercising the right vs. waiving the right), and the stereotypes of competence, sociability, and morality regarding this discrimination. Consistent with previous studies, the candidate gender and the parental leave status interact and together influence discrimination against women (Study 1, F(I, 229)=22.45, p<.001). In turn, the triple interaction of candidate gender, parental leave status, and the three dimensions of stereotypes (Study 2, F(4, 587)=2.73, p=.030, η2=.018) revealed that the woman who took parental leave received more positive evaluations in the three stereotypical dimensions, in comparison with to the woman who waived her right to the leave, and, at the same time, she was poorly assessed in the competence dimension, compared to the man who exercises the same right (Study 2, N=312).

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia de los estereotipos en la discriminación contra la mujer. Específicamente, se investigó los efectos del género candidato (hombre frente a mujer); el estado con respecto al permiso parental (ejercicio del derecho frente a la renuncia al derecho) y los estereotipos de competencia, sociabilidad y moralidad sobre esta discriminación. De acuerdo con estudios anteriores, el género de los candidatos y el estado de licencia parental interactúan e influyen juntos en la discriminación contra las mujeres (Estudio 1, F(I, 229) =22.45, p<.001). A su vez, la triple interacción del género candidato, el estado de licencia parental y las tres dimensiones de los estereotipos (Estudio 2, F(4, 587)=2.73, p=.030, η2=.018) revelaron que la mujer que tomó la licencia de paternidad se evaluó de manera más positiva en las tres dimensiones estereotipadas, en comparación con la mujer que renunció a su derecho a la licencia quien, al mismo tiempo, se evaluó de manera más pobre en la dimensión de competencia en comparación con el hombre que ejerce el mismo derecho (Estudio 2, N=312).

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Resumen Scedosporium es un hongo de distribución mundial que se encuentra en el suelo y enaguas contaminadas. Raramente afecta tejido óseo y puede hacerlo por inoculación directa através de traumatismos. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 54 a˜nos con antecedentede accidente acuático y fractura expuesta de tibia-peroné de ambos miembros inferiores, condiagnóstico de osteomielitis crónica bacteriana tratada con antibióticos de amplio espectropor 120 días. Luego de ocho meses iniciado el cuadro, se aísla Scedosporium spp. en colecciónde miembro afectado; por tal motivo, el paciente recibe terapia con voriconazol asociado aterbinafina.© 2019 Asociacion Argentina de Microbiologıa. Publicado por Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. Este es unarticulo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract Scedosporium is a fungus that has a worldwide distribution, and which can be foundin soil and contaminated water. It can rarely affect bone tissue and can do it either by directinoculation or through trauma. We present here a case of a 54- year- old male patient with adiagnosis of chronic bacterial osteomyelitis due to an aquatic accident and exposed fracture of tibia-fibula of both members, which was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics for 120days. Eight months after the onset of the disease, Scedosporium spp. was isolated from thecollection of one of the affected member, which was treated with voriconazole in combinationwith terbinafine.© 2019 Asociacion Argentina de Microbiologıa. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. This is anopen access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Scedosporium is a fungus that has a worldwide distribution, and which can be found in soil and contaminated water. It can rarely affect bone tissue and can do it either by direct inoculation or through trauma. We present here a case of a 54- year- old male patient with a diagnosis of chronic bacterial osteomyelitis due to an aquatic accident and exposed fracture of tibia-fibula of both members, which was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics for 120 days. Eight months after the onset of the disease, Scedosporium spp. was isolated from the collection of one of the affected member, which was treated with voriconazole in combination with terbinafine.

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Abstract This study investigated the relationship between the victim's group membership and secondary victimization she suffers, moderated by Moral Values and Belief in a Just World (BJW). The victim of the ingroup was blamed more for the sexual violence she suffered (Study 1, N = 250). In turn, that relationship was moderated by binding values (Study 2, N = 117) and by BJW (Study 3, N = 258). Together, the results suggest that the victim blaming is greater when she belongs to the ingroup; and that this relationship is predicted by high adherence to binding values and low adherence to BJW. This research contributes to the extent that it demonstrates that the relationship between adherence to binding values and victim derogation does not occur exclusively at the cognitive level, as information processing in which high adherence to these values would produce greater secondary victimization regardless of group membership of the victim. Additionally, it highlights the importance of considering the psychosocial processes underlying violence against women in order to promote more effective discussions and actions.

Resumo Este trabalho investigou a relação entre pertença grupal da vítima (endogrupo vs. exogrupo) e vitimização secundária por ela sofrida moderada pelos valores morais e Crença em um Mundo Justo (CMJ). Em consonância com estudos anteriores, a vítima do endogrupo foi mais responsabilizada pela violência sexual por ela sofrida (Estudo 1, N = 250). Por sua vez, essa relação foi moderada pelos valores vinculativos (Estudo 2, N = 117) e pela CMJ (Estudo 3, N = 258). Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem que a responsabilização da vítima de violência sexual é maior quando ela pertence ao endogrupo; e que esta relação é predita pela alta adesão aos valores vinculativos e baixa adesão à Crença em um Mundo Justo (CMJ). Esta investigação traz contribuições na medida em que demonstra que a relação entre adesão aos valores vinculativos e a derrogação da vítima não ocorre exclusivamente ao nível cognitivo, como um processamento de informação no qual a alta adesão a esses valores produziria maior vitimização secundária independente da pertença grupal da vítima. Adicionalmente, sinaliza a importância de considerar os processos psicossociais subjacentes à violência contra as mulheres com a finalidade de promover discussões e ações mais efetivas.

Resumen Este estudio investigó la relación entre la pertenencia a un grupo de la víctima y la victimización secundaria que sufre, moderada por los valores morales y la creencia en un mundo justo (BJW). Se culpó más a la víctima del ingroup por la violencia sexual que sufrió (Estudio 1, N = 250). A su vez, esa relación fue moderada por los valores de enlace (Estudio 2, N = 117) y por BJW (Estudio 3, N = 258). Juntos, los resultados sugieren que la culpa de la víctima es mayor cuando pertenece al ingroup; y que esta relación se predice por una alta adherencia a los valores de unión y una baja adherencia a BJW. Esta investigación contribuye en la medida en que demuestra que la relación entre la adherencia a los valores vinculantes y la derogación de la víctima no se produce exclusivamente a nivel cognitivo, ya que el procesamiento de la información en el que la alta adherencia a estos valores produciría una mayor victimización secundaria independientemente de la pertenencia al grupo de la victima. Además, destaca la importancia de considerar los procesos psicosociales subyacentes a la violencia contra las mujeres para promover debates y acciones más efectivas.

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Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean can be caused by at least four distinct Fusarium species, with F. tucumaniae being the main causal agent in Argentina. The fungus is a soil-borne pathogen that is largely confined to the roots, but damage also reaches aerial part of the plant and interveinal chlorosis and necrosis, followed by premature defoliation can be observed. In this study, two genetically diverse soybean cultivars, one susceptible (NA 4613) and one partially resistant (DM 4670) to SDS infection, were inoculated with F. tucumaniae or kept uninoculated. Leaf samples at 7, 10, 14 and 25 days post-inoculation (dpi) were chosen for analysis. With the aim of detecting early markers that could potentially discriminate the cultivar response to SDS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and biochemical studies were performed. Metabolic analyses show higher levels of several amino acids in the inoculated than in the uninoculated susceptible cultivar starting at 10 dpi. Biochemical studies indicate that pigment contents and Rubisco level were reduced while class III peroxidase activity was increased in the inoculated susceptible plant at 10 dpi. Taken together, our results indicate that the pathogen induced an accumulation of amino acids, a decrease of the photosynthetic activity, and an increase of plant-specific peroxidase activity in the susceptible cultivar before differences of visible foliar symptoms between genotypes could be observed, thus suggesting that metabolic and biochemical approaches may contribute to a rapid characterization of the cultivar response to SDS.

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Abstract This study analyzed whether hostility towards foreigners perceived as competitors in the labor market would be related to the perception of threat (symbolic and economic) and negative intergroup emotions. 270 people between 18 and 63 years participated. In Brazil (N = 89), mostly men (59%) and average age 32.5 years; In Portugal (N = 87), mostly men (56.3%) and average age 39.9 years; in Spain (N = 94), mostly women (53.2%) and average age of 32.8 years. The results (t-test, analysis of variance and multiple regressions) indicated that in Spain negative emotions are associated with less hostility towards immigrants; In Brazil, positive emotions are associated with hostile attitudes. In Portugal, the relationship between positive emotions and hostility is positive, but not significant. The symbolic threat was the best predictor of hostility only in the Brazilian sample. Positive emotions predispose to a greater kindness towards foreigners in the three countries. The main conclusion of the study is that the economic crisis does not seem to be associated with the perception of competitiveness of foreigners in the local labor market and hostility towards this social group.

Resumo O estudo analisou se a hostilidade para com estrangeiros percebidos como concorrentes no mercado de trabalho estaria relacionada com a percepção de ameaça (simbólica e econômica) e as emoções intergrupais negativas. Participaram 270 pessoas entre 18 e 63 anos, assim distribuídas: Brasil (N = 89), idade média de 32.5 anos, maioria de homens (59%); Portugal (N = 87), idade média de 39.9 anos, maioria de homens (56.3%); e Espanha (N=94), idade média de 32.8 anos, maioria de mulheres (53.2%). Os resultados do Teste-t, análise da variância e regressões múltiplas indicaram que enquanto na Espanha emoções negativas se associam a menos hostilidade para com imigrantes, no Brasil é a expressão de emoções positivas que se encontra associada a tais atitudes hostis. Em Portugal a relação entre emoções positivas e hostilidade é positiva, mas não significativa. A ameaça simbólica foi o melhor preditor de hostilidade somente na amostra brasileira. Emoções positivas predizem maior amabilidade para com estrangeiros nas amostras dos três países. A principal conclusão do estudo é que a crise econômica não parece estar associada com a percepção de competitividade do estrangeiro no mercado de trabalho local e a hostilidade para com este grupo social.

Resumen Este estudio analizó si la hostilidad hacia los extranjeros percibidos como competidores en el mercado de trabajo estaría relacionada con la percepción de amenaza (simbólica y económica) y las emociones intergrupales negativas. Participaron 270 personas entre 18 y 63 años. En Brasil (N = 89), mayoría de hombres (59%) y edad media 32.5 años; en Portugal (N = 87), mayoría de hombres (56.3%) y edad media 39.9 años; en España (N = 94), mayoría de mujeres (53.2%) y edad media de 32.8 años. Los resultados (test-t, análisis de la varianza y regresiones múltiples) indicaron que en España las emociones negativas se asocian a una menor hostilidad hacia los inmigrantes; en Brasil las emociones positivas están asociadas a actitudes hostiles. En Portugal la relación entre emociones positivas y hostilidad es positiva, pero no significativa. La amenaza simbólica fue el mejor predictor de hostilidad sólo en la muestra brasileña. Las emociones positivas predisponen a una mayor amabilidad hacia los extranjeros en los tres países. La principal conclusión del estudio es que la crisis económica no parece estar asociada a la percepción de competitividad de los extranjeros en el mercado laboral local y la hostilidad hacia este grupo social.