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The exchange of information and social interactions on broad spatial scales between human groups in the past can be studied through the provenance of key indicators of distant origin recorded at archaeological sites. The remains of shells of mollusk species, especially when crafted as elements of personal ornaments, express aspects of the behaviors and valuations for the populations that selected, transformed, and exchanged such items. In the southern cone of South America, past hunter-gatherer groups traveled long distances and interacted with communities distributed throughout the territory to acquire goods for technological use, visual display or considered highly valued materials. When recorded at distant locations, these goods of extra local origin are very informative regarding the differences between commonly used home ranges and the occasional access to remote spaces. We present the results of the analysis of the archaeomalacological assemblage of the Baño Nuevo 1 site, a cave with exceptional preservation conditions in Central West Patagonia. This site has yielded a diverse group of artifacts made of shells with origins from multiple distances, as well as evidence of the use of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species. Its deposits, which extend over the last 11,000 years, reveal an antiquity of at least the middle Holocene for the acquisition, manufacture, use and transport of goods as personal ornaments from shells in the macroregion.
Assuntos
Arqueologia , Humanos , Animais , História Antiga , Exoesqueleto/anatomia & histologia , América do Sul , Cavernas , Fósseis , ArgentinaRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al nivel de autoeficacia en las mujeres lactantes de la UMF No. 47, IMSS, Tabasco. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico, en una muestra de 197 mujeres lactantes, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y obstétrico diseñado por el investigador, y la escala de autoeficacia de lactancia materna en su forma corta (BSES-SF), de 14 ítems, con alfa de Cronbach de 0.92. El análisis incluyo estadística descriptiva, así como estadística inferencial donde se utilizó la prueba chi cuadrada de Pearson. Se obtuvo la magnitud de asociación, con los riesgos de prevalencia (tablas de 2x2), y valor de p≤0.05 con prueba exacta de Fisher. Los datos fueron procesados en el programa estadístico SPSS 25 y STATA 6. Resultados: Edad mínima 17 y máxima 40, predominó el grupo de 21- 25 años con 31.5% (X2 =109.944a , gl=8, p<.001, RP 7.87, prueba exacta de Fisher p<0.001), unión libre con 46.2% (X2 =71.736a , gl=6, p<.001, RP 6.51, prueba exacta de Fisher p<0.001), preparatoria con 41.1% (X2 =18.252a , gl=6, p<.006, RP 1.51, prueba exacta de Fisher p<0.04), nivel socioeconómico medio con 52.8% (X2 =38.784a , gl=4, p<.001, RP 3.42, prueba exacta de Fisher p<0.001), con 2 hijos el 35% (X2 =44.647a , gl=6, p<.001, RP 4.65, prueba exacta de Fisher p<0.001) y si recibió orientación con 94.9% (X2 =5.175a , gl=2, p=.075, RP .910, prueba exacta de Fisher p<0.03). Conclusiones: Los factores como la edad, estado civil, escolaridad, nivel socioeconómico, paridad y la orientación recibida, se asociaron al nivel de autoeficacia de lactancia materna, mientras que la ocupación y tipo de parto no se asociaron.
Abstract Objective: To determine the factors associated with the level of self-efficacy in lactating women from UMF No. 47, IMSS, Tabasco. Material and Methods: Observational, cross-sectional and analytical study, in a sample of 197 lactating women, who met the inclusion criteria. A sociodemographic and obstetric questionnaire designed by the researcher was applied, as well as the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale in its short form (BSES-SF), of 14 items, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.92. The analysis included descriptive statistics, as well as inferential statistics where Pearson's chi-square test was used. The magnitude of association was obtained, with the prevalence risks (2x2 tables), and value of p≤0.05 with Fisher's exact test. The data were processed in the statistical program SPSS 25 and STATA 6. Results: Minimum age 17 and maximum 40, the group of 21-25 years predominated with 31.5% (X2 =109.944a , gl=8, p<.001, RP 7.87, Fisher's exact test p<0.001), free union with 46.2% (X2 =71.736a , gl=6, p<.001, RP 6.51, Fisher's exact test p<0.001), preparatory with 41.1% (X2 =18.252a , gl=6, p<.006, RP 1.51, Fisher's exact test p<0.04), medium socioeconomic level with 52.8% (X2 =38.784a , gl=4, p<.001, RP 3.42 , Fisher's exact test p<0.001), with 2 children 35% (X2 =44.647a , gl=6, p<.001, RP 4.65, Fisher's exact test p<0.001) and if they received guidance with 94.9 % (X2 =5.175a , gl=2, p=.075, RP .910, Fisher's exact test p<0.03). Conclusions: Factors such as age, marital status, education, socioeconomic level, parity and the orientation received, were associated with the level of self-efficacy in breastfeeding, while occupation and type of delivery were not associated.
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Introducción: El síndrome nefrótico es una patología que afecta el complejo glomerular del riñón, se caracteriza por una proteinuria mayor 3500 mg/d. De acuerdo a la respuesta de los esteroides se puede clasificar en síndrome nefrótico en esteroide resistente o esteroide sensible. Objetivo: Determinar la relación que existe entre la proteinuria y las variantes del síndrome nefrótico en adultos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos, con una población de 28 pacientes. Se recolectaron y se procesaron los datos a través del software Epi-Info 7,2TM; la frecuencia simple, la media estadística, prueba t de Student, y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: En el análisis combinatorio de los fármacos adyuvantes para síndrome nefrótico, el grupo que utilizó antiproteinúricos pero no estatinas, demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la proteinuria postratamiento media del grupo de síndrome nefrótico esteroideo resistente (6202 mg/d) vs síndrome nefrótico esteroideo sensible (65,9 mg/d) (valor de p 0,418). Existe una correlación negativa entre los niveles proteinuria postratamiento y el nivel de albúmina sérica postratamiento (r = - 0,7 valor de p < 0,00001). Conclusiones: Se demostró la ausencia de asociación entre la proteinuria inicial y las variantes de síndrome nefrótico esteroide sensible y esteroide resistente (valor de p = 0,8)(AU)
Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome is a pathology that affects the glomerular complex of the kidney, characterized by proteinuria greater than 3500 mg/d. According to the response to steroids, nephrotic syndrome can be classified as steroid-resistant or steroid-sensitive. Objective: To determine the relationship between proteinuria and the variants of the nephrotic syndrome in adults. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, case series type study was carried out with a population of 28 patients. The data was collected and processed through Epi-Info 7.2TM software; simple frequency, statistical mean, student's t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The statistically significant difference was obtained in the antiproteinuric and non-statin group, between the mean post-treatment proteinuria of the steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome group (6202 mg/d) in comparison to steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (65.9 mg/d) (p value 0.0418). There is negative correlation between post-treatment proteinuria levels and post-treatment serum albumin level (r= -0.7 p value <0.00001). Conclusions: The absence of association between initial proteinuria and steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant variants of nephrotic syndrome was demonstrated (p value=0.8)(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Proteinúria , Esteroides , Albuminúria , Nefropatias/epidemiologia , Síndrome Nefrótica/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The current pandemic generated by SARS-CoV-2 has led to mass vaccination with different biologics that have shown wide variations among human populations according to the origin and formulation of the vaccine. Studies evaluating the response in individuals with a natural infection before vaccination have been limited to antibody titer analysis and evaluating a few humoral and cellular response markers, showing a more rapid and intense humoral response than individuals without prior infection. However, the basis of these differences has not been explored in depth. In the present work, we analyzed a group of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, antibody titers, and cell populations in peripheral blood of individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection using BNT162b2 biologic. Our results suggest that higher antibody concentration in individuals with an earlier disease could be generated by higher production of plasma cells to the detriment of the presence of memory B cells in the bloodstream, which could be related to the high baseline expression of cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10) before vaccination.
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COVID-19 , Vacinas Virais , Vacina BNT162 , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Interleucina-10 , Interleucina-6 , Receptores CCR7 , SARS-CoV-2 , VacinaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) has changed in recent years. The present article is intended to establish differences between clinical, laboratory and imaging findings and outcomes of MSSA and MRSA infections, as well as among subgroups of infection such as skin and soft tissue infection, osteoarticular, bacteremia or pneumonia in a pediatric population from Bogota, Colombia. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study using clinical records of patients under 18 years of age treated at the participating centers in Bogota, Colombia, between 2014 and 2018. The first positive S. aureus culture was studied. MSSA and MRSA were compared. The χ2 test, Fisher exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were calculated, and the statistical significance was presented using the difference and its 95% CI. RESULTS: Five hundred fifty-one patients were included; 211 (38%) corresponded to MRSA and 340 (62%) to MSSA for a total of 703 cultures. A significantly higher probability of having an MSSA infection than MRSA was found in patients with previous heart disease (3.3% vs. 0.5%), neurologic disease (5.9% vs. 2.5%), recent major surgeries (11% vs. 5%) or who has an implanted device (11% vs. 4%). In contrast, in severe MRSA infections (bacteremia, osteoarticular infections and pneumonia), a higher rate of complications was seen (admission to the pediatric intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation and vasoactive support), and in osteoarticular MRSA, more than 1 surgery per case was seen (89% vs. 61%). Laboratory results and mortality were similar. CONCLUSIONS: MRSA was associated with a more severe course in bacteremia, osteoarticular infections and pneumonia. Some classical risk factors associated with MRSA infections were found to be related to MSSA. In general, with the exception of skin and soft tissue infection, there was an increased risk of pediatric intensive care unit admission and mechanical and inotropic support with MRSA in a pediatric population.
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Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/patogenicidade , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidade , Adolescente , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Meticilina/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Large anthropogenic 14C datasets are widely used to generate summed probability distributions (SPDs) as a proxy for past human population levels. However, SPDs are a poor proxy when datasets are small, bearing little relationship to true population dynamics. Instead, more robust inferences can be achieved by directly modelling the population and assessing the model likelihood given the data. We introduce the R package ADMUR which uses a continuous piecewise linear (CPL) model of population change, calculates the model likelihood given a 14C dataset, estimates credible intervals using Markov chain Monte Carlo, applies a goodness-of-fit test, and uses the Schwarz Criterion to compare CPL models. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method using toy data, showing that spurious dynamics are avoided when sample sizes are small, and true population dynamics are recovered as sample sizes increase. Finally, we use an improved 14C dataset for the South American Arid Diagonal to compare CPL modelling to current simulation methods, and identify three Holocene phases when population trajectory estimates changed from rapid initial growth of 4.15% per generation to a decline of 0.05% per generation between 10 821 and 7055 yr BP, then gently grew at 0.58% per generation until 2500 yr BP. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cross-disciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography'.
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Arqueologia , Demografia , Dinâmica Populacional/história , História Antiga , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Datação Radiométrica , América do SulRESUMO
We present isotopic and morphometric evidence suggesting the migration of farmers in the southern Andes in the period AD 1270-1420, leading up to the Inka conquest occurring ~ AD 1400. This is based on the interdisciplinary study of human remains from archaeological cemeteries in the Andean Uspallata Valley (Argentina), located in the southern frontier of the Inka Empire. The studied samples span AD 800-1500, encompassing the highly dynamic Late Intermediate Period and culminating with the imperial expansion. Our research combines a macro-regional study of human paleomobility and migration based on a new strontium isoscape across the Andes that allows identifying locals and migrants, a geometric morphometric analysis of cranio-facial morphology suggesting separate ancestral lineages, and a paleodietary reconstruction based on stable isotopes showing that the migrants had diets exceptionally high in C4 plants and largely based on maize agriculture. Significantly, this migration influx occurred during a period of regional demographic increase and would have been part of a widespread period of change in settlement patterns and population movements that preceded the Inka expansion. These processes increased local social diversity and may have been subsequently utilized by the Inka to channel interaction with the local societies.