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PURPOSE: The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a newly recognized peptide hormone that acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) blunting the effects of ghrelin and displaying ghrelin-independent actions. Since the implications of LEAP2 are beginning to be elucidated, we investigated if plasma LEAP2 concentration varies with feeding status or sex and whether it is associated with glucose metabolism and appetite sensations. METHODS: We performed a single test meal study, in which plasma concentrations of LEAP2, ghrelin, insulin and glucose as well as visual analogue scales for hunger, desire to eat, prospective food consumption, fullness were assessed before and 60 min after breakfast in 44 participants (n = 21 females) with normal weight (NW) or overweight/obesity (OW/OB). RESULTS: Pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration was ~ 1.6-fold higher whereas ghrelin was ~ 2.0-fold lower in individuals with OW/OB (p < 0.001) independently of sex. After adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and sex, pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration displayed a direct relationship with BMI (ß: 0.09; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.13; p < 0.001), fat mass (ß: 0.05; 95%CI: 0.01, 0.09; p = 0.010) and glycemia (ß: 0.24; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.43; p = 0.021), whereas plasma ghrelin concentration displayed an inverse relationship with BMI and fat mass but not with glycemia. Postprandial plasma LEAP2 concentration increased ~ 58% in females with OW/OB (p = 0.045) but not in females with NW or in males. Pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration displayed an inverse relationship with hunger score (ß: - 11.16; 95% CI: - 18.52, - 3.79; p = 0.004), in a BMI-, sex- and ghrelin-independent manner. CONCLUSIONS: LEAP2 emerges as a key hormone implicated in the regulation of metabolism and appetite in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (April 2023). CLINICALTRIALS: gov Identifier: NCT05815641.

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BACKGROUND: Molecular biomarkers of maternal leptin resistance associated with infant weight are needed. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate gene expression of leptin receptor (LEPR), suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) and insulin receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of lactating women and their relationship with infant body weight and adiposity. METHODS: At day 10 postpartum, maternal gene expression in PBMCs as well as leptin and insulin concentrations in plasma and milk were assessed (n = 68). Infant weight and BMI z-scores, skinfolds and arm circumference were obtained at 10 days and/or at 3 months old. RESULTS: In mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OW/OB), LEPR expression was reduced (p = 0.013) whereas plasma and milk leptin and milk insulin concentrations were elevated. LEPR expression was positively related with infant weight z-score (Beta (95% CI): 0.40 (0.17, 0.63), p = 0.001) but not with leptin concentrations. SOCS3 expression was positively related with infant weight z-score (Beta (95% CI): 0.28 (0.04, 0.51), p = 0.024) and arm circumference (Beta (95% CI): 0.57 (0.32, 0.82), p < 0.001). Relationships remained significant after adjusting for maternal and infant confounders. CONCLUSIONS: LEPR and SOCS3 gene expression in PBMCs are novel maternal molecular biomarkers that reflect leptin resistance and are associated with infant body weight and adiposity.

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INTRODUCTION: Scientific evidence suggests that mother-child joint care strategies would facilitate knowledge of contraceptive methods (MAC) and their access. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the Integrated Mother and Child Care Model on adherence and knowledge of CAM in women during the first postpartum semester. METHODS: An intervention study was carried out, 2 groups were formed, GI: intervention group (3 controls up to 6 months postpartum) and GC: control group (one control at 6 months postpartum). The intervention consisted of face-to-face counseling about MAC combined with informative brochures and WhatsApp⌖ messages. Sociodemographic data, gynecological and obstetric history, use and knowledge of contraceptive methods were collected. Adherence to the use and knowledge of MAC were compared in both groups at 6 months postpartum. The analysis was performed using R software version 4.0.3. RESULTS: Thirty-nine women were incorporated into each group. A difference was found in the use of MAC between groups at 6 months (92.3% vs. 64.1%), its use being higher in GI. Significant differences were found in the knowledge of some MAC at 6 months. A higher percentage of women in GI knew about birth control pills (p = 0.009), tubal ligation (p = 0.04) and vasectomy (p = 0.010), compared to GC. DISCUSSION: Early postpartum intervention with various communication and information strategies can be useful to choose the MAC that is considered most appropriate for each woman and its correct use.

Introducción: La evidencia científica sugiere que estrategias de atención conjunta madre-hijo facilitarían el conocimiento de métodos anticonceptivos (MAC) y su acceso. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del Modelo de atención integrada de la madre y el niño sobre la adherencia y conocimientos de MAC en mujeres durante el primer semestre postparto. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de intervención, se conformaron 2 grupos, GI: grupo de intervención (3 controles hasta los 6 meses postparto) y GC: grupo control (un control a los 6 meses postparto). La intervención consistió en asesoramiento presencial acerca de MAC combinada con folletería informativa y mensajes de WhatsApp⌖. Se recabaron datos sociodemográficos, antecedentes gineco-obstétricos, uso y conocimientos de MAC. Se comparó la adherencia al uso y el conocimiento de MAC en ambos grupos a los 6 meses post parto. El análisis se realizó mediante el software R versión 4.0.3. Resultados: Se incorporaron 39 mujeres en cada grupo. Se halló una diferencia en el uso de MAC entre grupos a los 6 meses (92.3% vs. 64.1%), siendo más elevado su uso en el GI. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en el conocimiento de algunos MAC a los 6 meses. Un mayor porcentaje de mujeres del GI conocía las pastillas anticonceptivas (p = 0.009), ligadura de trompas (p = 0.04) y la vasectomía (p = 0.010), en comparación con el GC. Discusión: La intervención en el postparto temprano con diversas estrategias de comunicación e información pueden ser útiles para elegir el MAC que se considere más adecuado para cada mujer y su utilización correcta.

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Habits and behaviors related to obesity risk are strongly associated with the family environment and are affected by socioeconomic factors. Structural equation modeling (SEM) allows us to hypothesize on how the relationships between these factors occur and measure their impact. This study aimed to explore the relationship between family socioeconomic indicators and childhood obesity, mediated by habits linked to energy balance, applying a SEM. A cross sectional study was performed on 861 Argentinian schoolchildren aged 6-12 years, from 2015 to 2016. The model included three latent variables: socioeconomic status, healthy habits, and obesity. Socioeconomic status indicators and healthy habits were surveyed by self-administered parental questionnaires, whereas obesity indicators were evaluated with anthropometry. The applied model showed an acceptable fit (NFI = 0.966; CFI = 0.979; RMSEA = 0.048). Socioeconomic status positively influenced parental education, health insurance, and car possession, while negatively influenced crowding (p < 0.001). Healthy habits significantly influenced physical activity, meals frequency, and sleep hours, while negatively influenced sedentary hours and mother's nutritional status (p < 0.001). Obesity factor positively influenced body mass index, body fat, and waist-to-height ratio (p < 0.001). Finally, socioeconomic status positively influenced health habits, which in turn negatively influenced obesity factor. Healthy habits (especially physical activity and mother's nutritional status) mediated the relationship between socioeconomic status and child obesity. Further research should include other indicators related to diet, eating habits, and physical activity like neighborhood characteristics.

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Resumen Introducción : La evidencia científica sugiere que es trategias de atención conjunta madre-hijo facilitarían el conocimiento de métodos anticonceptivos (MAC) y su acceso. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del Modelo de atención integrada de la madre y el niño sobre la adherencia y conocimientos de MAC en mujeres durante el primer semestre postparto. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio de intervención, se conformaron 2 grupos, GI: grupo de intervención (3 con troles hasta los 6 meses postparto) y GC: grupo control (un control a los 6 meses postparto). La intervención consistió en asesoramiento presencial acerca de MAC combinada con folletería informativa y mensajes de WhatsApp®. Se recabaron datos sociodemográficos, an tecedentes gineco-obstétricos, uso y conocimientos de MAC. Se comparó la adherencia al uso y el conocimiento de MAC en ambos grupos a los 6 meses post parto. El análisis se realizó mediante el software R versión 4.0.3. Resultados : Se incorporaron 39 mujeres en cada grupo. Se halló una diferencia en el uso de MAC entre grupos a los 6 meses (92.3% vs. 64.1%), siendo más eleva do su uso en el GI. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en el conocimiento de algunos MAC a los 6 meses. Un mayor porcentaje de mujeres del GI conocía las pastillas anticonceptivas (p = 0.009), ligadura de trompas (p = 0.04) y la vasectomía (p = 0.010), en comparación con el GC. Discusión : La intervención en el postparto temprano con diversas estrategias de comunicación e información pueden ser útiles para elegir el MAC que se considere más adecuado para cada mujer y su utilización correcta.

Abstract Introduction : Scientific evidence suggests that moth er-child joint care strategies would facilitate knowledge of contraceptive methods (MAC) and their access. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the Integrated Mother and Child Care Model on adherence and knowl edge of CAM in women during the first postpartum semester. Methods : An intervention study was carried out, 2 groups were formed, GI: intervention group (3 controls up to 6 months postpartum) and GC: control group (one control at 6 months postpartum). The intervention con sisted of face-to-face counseling about MAC combined with informative brochures and WhatsApp® messages. Sociodemographic data, gynecological and obstetric history, use and knowledge of contraceptive methods were collected. Adherence to the use and knowledge of MAC were compared in both groups at 6 months post partum. The analysis was performed using R software version 4.0.3. Results : Thirty-nine women were incorporated into each group. A difference was found in the use of MAC between groups at 6 months (92.3% vs. 64.1%), its use being higher in GI. Significant differences were found in the knowledge of some MAC at 6 months. A higher percentage of women in GI knew about birth control pills (p = 0.009), tubal ligation (p = 0.04) and vasectomy (p = 0.010), compared to GC. Discussion : Early postpartum intervention with vari ous communication and information strategies can be useful to choose the MAC that is considered most ap propriate for each woman and its correct use.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Los índices de calidad de dieta son herramientas útiles para evaluar patrones alimentarios y adherencia a guías alimentarias. El objetivo fue desarrollar y validar un índice basado en las Guías Alimentarias para la Población Argentina (GAPA). MÉTODOS: Se desarrolló un índice basado en las guías locales, se analizó la validez de contenido por expertos y la validez de constructo y confiabilidad mediante un estudio de corte transversal. Se incluyó a voluntarios adultos sanos y se relevó información general y de consumo de alimentos. Se analizó la capacidad de otorgar puntajes variados y hallar diferencias entre grupos. Se evaluó la correlación entre el puntaje total y cada componente, y con la ingesta energética y de nutrientes. Se exploraron dimensiones subyacentes con análisis de componentes principales. Se analizó la consistencia interna mediante alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Se desarrolló un Índice de Calidad de Dieta Argentino (ICDAr) que refleja ocho mensajes principales de las guías y se halló buena aceptación por expertos (V de Aiken ≥0,8; p<0,05). El ICDAr demostró amplitud de rango (37,36-86,39) y diferencia entre fumadores y no fumadores (p=0,002). Se halló correlación positiva entre el puntaje total y cada componente y una mejor ingesta de nutrientes, pero no con ingesta energética. Se hallaron múltiples dimensiones subyacentes. El alfa de Cronbach fue 0,49. DISCUSIÓN: El ICDAr es válido para evaluar la calidad de dieta según la adherencia a las GAPA.

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Abstract: Habits and behaviors related to obesity risk are strongly associated with the family environment and are affected by socioeconomic factors. Structural equation modeling (SEM) allows us to hypothesize on how the relationships between these factors occur and measure their impact. This study aimed to explore the relationship between family socioeconomic indicators and childhood obesity, mediated by habits linked to energy balance, applying a SEM. A cross sectional study was performed on 861 Argentinian schoolchildren aged 6-12 years, from 2015 to 2016. The model included three latent variables: socioeconomic status, healthy habits, and obesity. Socioeconomic status indicators and healthy habits were surveyed by self-administered parental questionnaires, whereas obesity indicators were evaluated with anthropometry. The applied model showed an acceptable fit (NFI = 0.966; CFI = 0.979; RMSEA = 0.048). Socioeconomic status positively influenced parental education, health insurance, and car possession, while negatively influenced crowding (p < 0.001). Healthy habits significantly influenced physical activity, meals frequency, and sleep hours, while negatively influenced sedentary hours and mother's nutritional status (p < 0.001). Obesity factor positively influenced body mass index, body fat, and waist-to-height ratio (p < 0.001). Finally, socioeconomic status positively influenced health habits, which in turn negatively influenced obesity factor. Healthy habits (especially physical activity and mother's nutritional status) mediated the relationship between socioeconomic status and child obesity. Further research should include other indicators related to diet, eating habits, and physical activity like neighborhood characteristics.

Resumen: Los hábitos y comportamientos relacionados con el riesgo de obesidad están fuertemente asociados al entorno familiar y se ven afectados por factores socioeconómicos. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (MEE) permite plantear hipótesis sobre cómo se dan las relaciones entre estos factores y medir su impacto. El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar la relación entre los indicadores socioeconómicos familiares y la obesidad infantil, mediada por hábitos relacionados con el balance energético, aplicando un MEE. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 861 escolares argentinos de 6 a 12 años entre 2015 y 2016. El modelo incluyó tres variables latentes: nivel socioeconómico, hábitos saludables y obesidad. Los indicadores nivel socioeconómico y hábitos saludables se midieron mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados a los padres, mientras que los indicadores de obesidad se obtuvieron mediante antropometría. El modelo aplicado presentó un ajuste aceptable (NFI = 0,966; CFI = 0,979; RMSEA = 0,048). El nivel socioeconómico influyó positivamente en la escolaridad de los padres, en el plan de salud y en el hecho de tener automóvil, mientras que influyó negativamente en el hacinamiento (p < 0,001). La variable hábitos saludables influyó significativamente en la actividad física, en la frecuencia de las comidas y en las horas de sueño, pero influyó negativamente en las horas sedentarias y en el estado nutricional materno (p < 0,001). El factor obesidad influyó positivamente en el índice de masa corporal, en la grasa corporal y en la razón cintura/talla (p < 0,001). Finalmente, el nivel socioeconómico influyó positivamente en los hábitos saludables, que, a su vez, influyeron negativamente en la obesidad. Los hábitos saludables, en especial la actividad física y el estado nutricional materno, moderan la relación entre el nivel socioeconómico y la obesidad infantil. Las nuevas investigaciones deberían incluir otros indicadores relacionados con la dieta, con los hábitos alimentarios y con la actividad física, así como con las características del vecindario.

Resumo: Hábitos e comportamentos relacionados ao risco de obesidade estão fortemente associados ao ambiente familiar e afetados por fatores socioeconômicos. A modelagem de equações estruturais (MEE) permite levantar hipóteses sobre como ocorrem as relações entre esses fatores e medir seu impacto. O objetivo do presente estudo foi explorar a relação entre os indicadores socioeconômicos familiares e a obesidade infantil, mediada por hábitos ligados ao balanço energético, aplicando uma MEE. Um estudo transversal foi realizado com 861 escolares argentinos de 6 a 12 anos entre 2015 e 2016. O modelo incluiu três variáveis latentes: nível socioeconômico, hábitos saudáveis e obesidade. Os indicadores do nível socioeconômico e de hábitos saudáveis foram medidos por meio de questionários autoaplicáveis aos pais, enquanto os indicadores de obesidade foram obtidos por meio de antropometria. O modelo aplicado apresentou um ajuste aceitável (NFI = 0,966; CFI = 0,979; RMSEA = 0,048). O nível socioeconômico influenciou positivamente a escolaridade dos pais, o plano de saúde e a posse de automóvel, enquanto influenciou negativamente a aglomeração (p < 0,001). A variável hábitso saudáveis influenciou significativamente a atividade física, a frequência das refeições e as horas de sono, mas influenciou negativamente as horas sedentárias e o estado nutricional materno (p < 0,001). O fator obesidade influenciou positivamente o índice de massa corporal, a gordura corporal e a relação cintura/estatura (p < 0,001). Finalmente, o nível socioeconômico influenciou positivamente os hábitso saudáveis, que por sua vez influenciou negativamente a obesidade. Hábitos saudáveis, especialmente atividade física e estado nutricional materno, mediam a relação entre nível socioeconômico e obesidade infantil. Novas pesquisas devem incluir outros indicadores relacionados à dieta, hábitos alimentares e atividade física, como características da vizinhança.

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BACKGROUND: IgG4-related disease (IgG4 RD) is an immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory disorder, with tissue infiltration of IgG4+ plasma cells. It causes pseudotumors, tumors, and a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. AIM: To report the clinical, laboratory, histopathological and treatment characteristics of a group of Chilean patients with IgG4 RD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of medical records of 52 patients aged 18 to 76 years with IgG4 RD seen at six medical centers. RESULTS: Elevated IgG4 serum levels (> 135 mg/dl) were found in 18 of 44 (41%) patients. There was histological confirmation of the disease in 46 patients. The most common sites of involvement were lungs, eyes and kidneys. Eighteen (35%) patients had only one organ involved, 34 (65%) patients had two organs and 13 (25%) patients had three or more organs. The involvement of two organs was significantly more common in men (p < 0.05). In patients with only one organ involvement, the most frequent location was orbital and meningeal. All patients with kidney or lung disease had multiorgan involvement. All patients received corticosteroid therapy, 67% synthetic immunosuppressants, and 16% rituximab. CONCLUSIONS: ER-IgG4 can affect any tissue. Multiorgan involvement was more common in this series, with preference for lungs, eyes and kidneys. An excellent response to steroids is characteristic of the disease, but with a high relapse rate that requires additional immunosuppression.

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Aim: To describe dietary patterns in the Argentinian population and their association with sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of Argentina's food consumption and sociodemographic data of 1,266 men and women between 15 and 65 years from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health carried out between March 2014 and December 2015. Dietary patterns were identified by using factor analysis and median factor scores were calculated for gender, age, region, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic, education, and physical activity categories. Results: Five dietary patterns were identified. Western, Local Western, and Rural were generally characterized by high consumptions of animal fats, sugar-sweetened beverages, meats or processed meats, pizza and empanadas, sweets, pastries, and low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Traditional pattern was mainly characterized by consumption of oils, starchy vegetables, and red meat and Sweet Prudent by milk and yogurt, vegetables, fruit, artificially sweetened beverages, sweets, and cookies. Higher adherence to the Sweet Prudent pattern was observed in women, in people who meet physical activity guidelines and higher socioeconomic and educational levels. Higher adherence to traditional pattern was only observed for men. Higher adherence to the rest of the patterns was observed mostly by men, young, leaner, lower socioeconomic, and educational levels, not meeting physical activity guidelines, from the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires or northern regions. Conclusion: Food consumption in Argentina is expressed in a diversity of dietary patterns. Men, younger, and sedentary individuals, with lower socioeconomic and educational level, from the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires and northern regions, seem to have higher adherence to least healthy dietary patterns.

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BACKGROUND: IgG4-related disease (IgG4 RD) is an immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory disorder, with tissue infiltration of IgG4+ plasma cells. It causes pseudotumors, tumors, and a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. AIM: To report the clinical, laboratory, histopathological and treatment characteristics of a group of Chilean patients with IgG4 RD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of medical records of 52 patients aged 18 to 76 years with IgG4 RD seen at six medical centers. RESULTS: Elevated IgG4 serum levels (> 135 mg/dl) were found in 18 of 44 (41%) patients. There was histological confirmation of the disease in 46 patients. The most common sites of involvement were lungs, eyes and kidneys. Eighteen (35%) patients had only one organ involved, 34 (65%) patients had two organs and 13 (25%) patients had three or more organs. The involvement of two organs was significantly more common in men (p < 0.05). In patients with only one organ involvement, the most frequent location was orbital and meningeal. All patients with kidney or lung disease had multiorgan involvement. All patients received corticosteroid therapy, 67% synthetic immunosuppressants, and 16% rituximab. CONCLUSIONS: ER-IgG4 can affect any tissue. Multiorgan involvement was more common in this series, with preference for lungs, eyes and kidneys. An excellent response to steroids is characteristic of the disease, but with a high relapse rate that requires additional immunosuppression.

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