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Rabbit Fibroma is a Leporipoxviral disease and is considered the third most common cutaneous neoplasm in pet rabbits. Two domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were submitted to the veterinary clinic due to the presence of a nodule on the lip. Histologically, epithelial cells of the epidermis and hair follicles showed mild to moderate ballooning degeneration, spongiosis, and several eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. The dermis was expanded by atypical spindle cells that also showed eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. The tissues were evaluated by using transmission electron microscopy. In both cases, keratinocytes exhibit several electron dense and pleomorphic intracytoplasmic viral particles consistent with Poxviruses. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of Rabbit Fibroma Virus infection in Domestic Rabbits in Mexico.

Assuntos

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BACKGROUND: Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) constitutes a tool with great research potential due to its advantages over in vivo and in vitro models. Despite its important contribution to lung reconditioning, this technique has the disadvantage of incurring high costs and can induce pulmonary endothelial injury through perfusion and ventilation. The pulmonary endothelium is made up of endothelial glycocalyx (EG), a coating of proteoglycans (PG) on the luminal surface. PGs are glycoproteins linked to terminal sialic acids (Sia) that can affect homeostasis with responses leading to edema formation. This study evaluated the effect of two ex vivo perfusion solutions on lung function and endothelial injury. METHODS: We divided ten landrace swine into two groups and subjected them to EVLP for 120 min: Group I (n = 5) was perfused with Steen® solution, and Group II (n = 5) was perfused with low-potassium dextran-albumin solution. Ventilatory mechanics, histology, gravimetry, and sialic acid concentrations were evaluated. RESULTS: Both groups showed changes in pulmonary vascular resistance and ventilatory mechanics (p < 0.05, Student's t-test). In addition, the lung injury severity score was better in Group I than in Group II (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U); and both groups exhibited a significant increase in Sia concentrations in the perfusate (p < 0.05 t-Student) and Sia immunohistochemical expression. CONCLUSIONS: Sia, as a product of EG disruption during EVLP, was found in all samples obtained in the system; however, the changes in its concentration showed no apparent correlation with lung function.

Assuntos

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Exosomes are extracellular microvesicles of endosomal origin (multivesicular bodies, MVBs) constitutively released by eukaryotic cells by fusion of MVBs to the plasma membrane. The exosomes from Leishmania parasites contain an array of parasite molecules such as virulence factors and survival messengers, capable of modulating the host immune response and thereby favoring the infection of the host. We here show that exosomes of L. mexicana amastigotes (aExo) contain the virulence proteins gp63 and PP2C. The incubation of aExo with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) infected with L. mexicana led to their internalization and were found to colocalize with the cellular tetraspanin CD63. Furthermore, aExo inhibited nitric oxide production of infected BMMs, permitting enhanced intracellular parasite survival. Expressions of antigen-presenting (major histocompatibility complex class I, MHC-I, and CD1d) and costimulatory (CD86 and PD-L1) molecules were modulated in a dose-dependent fashion. Whereas MHC-I, CD86 and PD-L1 expressions were diminished by exosomes, CD1d was enhanced. We conclude that aExo of L. mexicana are capable of decreasing microbicidal mechanisms of infected macrophages by inhibiting nitric oxide production, thereby enabling parasite survival. They also hamper the cellular immune response by diminishing MHC-I and CD86 on an important antigen-presenting cell, which potentially interferes with CD8 T cell activation. The enhanced CD1d expression in combination with reduction of PD-L1 on BMMs point to a potential shift of the activation route towards lipid presentations, yet the effectivity of this immune activation is not evident, since in the absence of costimulatory molecules, cellular anergy and tolerance would be expected.

Assuntos

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Ruminants are highly susceptible to photosensitization caused by the ingestion of hepatotoxic plants. In two adjacent farms in Colima, Mexico, several sheep exhibited signs of depression and crusting dermatitis involving the ears, periorbital skin, eyelids, nostrils, and axillary regions. Results of serum biochemistry were indicative of liver injury. Post mortem examination revealed jaundice, craniofacial edema as well as an enlarged liver having an orange-brown discoloration; on the cut surface, the hepatic parenchyma had a subtle zonal pattern. Histopathological findings were those of severe necrotizing dermatitis, lymphoplasmacytic cholangiohepatitis, and renal tubular necrosis. Acicular crystals were microscopically and ultrastructurally evident in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, biliary ducts, renal tubules and interstitium. The clinical, gross and microscopic findings were consistent with hepatogenous photosensitization. A field investigation revealed that affected sheep had been grazing Brachiaria spp., a potentially toxic grass originated from Africa and commonly cultivated in Australia and South America. This grass contains hepatotoxic saponins that cause liver injury and secondary hepatogenous photosensitization. Although frequently reported in South America, to our knowledge, this is the first report of Brachiaria spp. toxicity in Mexico.

Assuntos

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Ruminants are highly susceptible to photosensitization caused by the ingestion of hepatotoxic plants. In two adjacent farms in Colima, Mexico, several sheep exhibited signs of depression and crusting dermatitis involving the ears, periorbital skin, eyelids, nostrils, and axillary regions. Results of serum biochemistry were indicative of liver injury. Post mortem examination revealed jaundice, craniofacial edema as well as an enlarged liver having an orange-brown discoloration; on the cut surface, the hepatic parenchyma had a subtle zonal pattern. Histopathological findings were those of severe necrotizing dermatitis, lymphoplasmacytic cholangiohepatitis, and renal tubular necrosis. Acicular crystals were microscopically and ultrastructurally evident in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, biliary ducts, renal tubules and interstitium. The clinical, gross and microscopic findings were consistent with hepatogenous photosensitization. A field investigation revealed that affected sheep had been grazing Brachiaria spp., a potentially toxic grass originated from Africa and commonly cultivated in Australia and South America. This grass contains hepatotoxic saponins that cause liver injury and secondary hepatogenous photosensitization. Although frequently reported in South America, to our knowledge, this is the first report of Brachiaria spp. toxicity in Mexico.(AU)

Assuntos

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Ranaviruses are the second deadliest pathogens for amphibian populations throughout the world. Despite their wide distribution in America, these viruses have never been reported in Mexico, the country with the fifth highest amphibian diversity in the world. This paper is the first to address an outbreak of ranavirus in captive American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Sinaloa, Mexico. The farm experienced high mortality in an undetermined number of juveniles and sub-adult bullfrogs. Affected animals displayed clinical signs and gross lesions such as lethargy, edema, skin ulcers, and hemorrhages consistent with ranavirus infection. The main microscopic lesions included mild renal tubular necrosis and moderate congestion in several organs. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed scant infected hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. Phylogenetic analysis of five partial ranavirus genes showed that the causative agent clustered within the Frog virus 3 clade. Risk assessment with the Pandora⁺ protocol demonstrated a high risk for the pathogen to affect amphibians from neighboring regions (overall Pandora risk score: 0.619). Given the risk of American bullfrogs escaping and spreading the disease to wild amphibians, efforts should focus on implementing effective containment strategies and surveillance programs for ranavirus at facilities undertaking intensive farming of amphibians.

Assuntos

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A 5-year-old African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) was presented to the veterinarian with history of anorexia and progressive weight loss. On clinical examination the mucous membranes were pale, and the skin exhibited extensive alopecia with crusting in all four limbs and tail. A large subcutaneous mass was palpated on the left lateral femur which subsequently was diagnosed histopathologically as a squamous cells carcinoma. The owner declined further tests and the patient returned home where it continued to deteriorate and finally died 90 days after initial presentation. The carcass was submitted for postmortem examination. Necropsy finding included an enlarged spleen with rounded borders and meaty pulp, hyperplastic bone marrow and multiple white foci in both kidneys. Tissues were submitted for cytology, histopathology and electron microscopy. Splenic cytology revealed a monomorphic population of granulocytes with cellular atypia which were most consistent with neoplastic eosinophils. Similar myeloid cells were also seen histologically in kidneys, liver, intestine, heart, skin and brain. The bone marrow was completely effaced with similar cellular infiltrates. Luna stain for eosinophils was positive in all tissues. Electron microscopy showed that neoplastic cells had granules and electron-lucent crystalloid characteristic of eosinophils. Based on these finding chronic eosinophilic leukemia wasdiagnosed, and to our knowledge, eosinophilic leukemia in hedgehogs is rarely reported in the literature.(AU)

Assuntos

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A 5-year-old African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) was presented to the veterinarian with history of anorexia and progressive weight loss. On clinical examination the mucous membranes were pale, and the skin exhibited extensive alopecia with crusting in all four limbs and tail. A large subcutaneous mass was palpated on the left lateral femur which subsequently was diagnosed histopathologically as a squamous cells carcinoma. The owner declined further tests and the patient returned home where it continued to deteriorate and finally died 90 days after initial presentation. The carcass was submitted for postmortem examination. Necropsy finding included an enlarged spleen with rounded borders and meaty pulp, hyperplastic bone marrow and multiple white foci in both kidneys. Tissues were submitted for cytology, histopathology and electron microscopy. Splenic cytology revealed a monomorphic population of granulocytes with cellular atypia which were most consistent with neoplastic eosinophils. Similar myeloid cells were also seen histologically in kidneys, liver, intestine, heart, skin and brain. The bone marrow was completely effaced with similar cellular infiltrates. Luna stain for eosinophils was positive in all tissues. Electron microscopy showed that neoplastic cells had granules and electron-lucent crystalloid characteristic of eosinophils. Based on these finding chronic eosinophilic leukemia wasdiagnosed, and to our knowledge, eosinophilic leukemia in hedgehogs is rarely reported in the literature.

Assuntos

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A wide spectrum of welfare issues is encountered on working equids. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the prevalence of cutaneous lesions in working equids in tropical regions of the North-Central of Veracruz State, Mexico, (ii) to identify the most prevalent cutaneous pathological conditions in this population of working equids, and (iii) to identify risk factors associated to the presence of work-related skin wounds. A number of 467 working equids presented for treatment at Donkey Sanctuary Mobile Clinic Program - National Autonomous University of Mexico from seven different villages in the North-Central region of Veracruz State were evaluated. Animals with signs of cutaneous pathology underwent a physical examination and samples were obtained of exudates, hair, and tissue for cytology examination, fungal cultures, and dermo-histopathology examination. The overall prevalence of cutaneous pathological conditions in working equids was 20.6 %. The prevalence per species was 22.6 % for horses, 18.2 % for donkeys, and 14.3 % for mules. The most common cause of skin lesions was trauma (abrasions, lacerations, and abscesses) followed in frequency by parasitic dermatitis and sarcoids. No strong associations among species were observed (P > 0.20). Multivariate analysis showed that there was greater association between BCS and age with the presence of skin wounds (P < 0.05). Equids who's BCS was rated as "moderate" as well as adult animals showed significantly more skin wounds compared with the young and the elderly (P < 0.05). These findings can help to develop a better management practices to improve the welfare of equids in tropical regions of Veracruz, Mexico.

Assuntos

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Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis in goats is caused by caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1), from the Herpesviridae family Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, sometimes produces abortion, neonatal enteritis and respiratory disease in adult goats. In a herd of 244 dairy and meat goats, physical examinations were performed in does and bucks, presenting vulvar and preputial lesions. Necropsies were done in four discarded animals (one male and two females) and one stillborn; immunohistochemistry (IHC) with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) antibodies in prepuce and vulva samples was carried out. Penis and prepuce exfoliative cytology was carried out in six bucks. Prepuce biopsies were collected for electron microscopy and viral isolation. Macroscopically, moderate to severe coalescent multifocal pustular and ulcerative vulvovaginitis was observed; and severe coalescent multifocal pustular and ulcerative balanoposthitis. Microscopically, different degrees of inflammatory lesions with presence of eosinophilic and amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were present. In electron microscopy, the prepuce samples and MBDK cell culture showed several intranuclear viral particles of 150 to 230 nm size. There was slight epithelial cell positivity in IHC with BHV-1 antibodies in vulva and prepuce histological cuts made at necropsy. In the viral isolate was observed a cytopathic effect and the presence of viral particles by microscopy electronic suggesting herpes virus. This is the first documented report suggesting the presence of herpes virus outbreak in caprine herds in Mexico.

La vulvovaginitis y balanopostitis pustular infecciosa en cabras es producida por herpesvirus caprino 1 (CpHV-1), de la familia Herpesviridae subfamilia Alphaherpesvirinae, que ocasionalmente produce aborto, enteritis neonatal y enfermedad respiratoria en las cabras adultas. En un rebaño de 244 cabras de genotipo lechero y cárnico; se realizaron exámenes físicos de hembras y sementales en los que se observaron lesiones vulvares y prepuciales. Se realizó la necropsia de cuatro animales adultos de desecho (dos hembras y un macho) y un neonato muerto; se realizó inmunohistoquímica (IHQ) con anticuerpos de herpesvirus bovino 1 (BHV1) en muestras de prepucio y vulva. Se analizaron las citologías exfoliativas de pene y prepucio de 6 sementales. Se recolectaron y analizaron biopsias de prepucio para microscopía electrónica y aislamiento viral. Macroscópicamente, en las hembras se observó vulvovaginitis pustular y ulcerativa de moderada a grave multifocal coalescente, además de balanopostitis pustular y ulcerativa grave multifocal coalescente en los machos. Microscópicamente, se presentaron lesiones inflamatorias en diferentes grados, con presencia de cuerpos de inclusión intranucleares eosinofílicos y amfofílicos. En microscopía electrónica, las muestras de prepucio y cultivo celular de MBDK presentaron numerosas partículas virales intranucleares de un tamaño de 150 a 230 nm. En los cortes histológicos de prepucio y vulva de las necropsias se detectó una ligera positividad en las células epiteliales con anticuerpos BHV-1. En el aislamiento viral se observó efecto citopático, y la presencia de partículas virales mediante microscopía electrónica sugerentes a herpes virus. Este es el primer informe documentado que sugiere la presencia de herpes virus en rebaños caprinos de México.