RESUMO
Cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) heterodimers have multiple phosphorylation targets and may alter the activity of these targets. Proteins from different metabolic processes are among the phosphorylation targets, that is, enzymes of central carbon metabolism. This work explores the interaction of Cyc/CDK complex members with the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase 7 (HXK7) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP). Both enzymes interacted steadily with CycD2;2, CycB2;1 and CDKA;1 but not with CDKB1;1. However, Cyc/CDKB1;1 complexes phosphorylated both enzymes, decreasing their activities. Treatment with a CDK-specific inhibitor (RO-3306) or with lambda phosphatase after kinase assay restored total HXK7 activity, but not GAP activity. In enzymatic assays, increasing concentrations of CDKB1;1, but not of CycD2;2, CycB2;1 or CycD2;2/CDKB1;1 complex, decreased GAP activity. Cell cycle regulators may modulate carbon channeling in glycolysis by two different mechanisms: Cyc/CDK-mediated phosphorylation of targets (e.g., HXK7; canonical mechanism) or by direct and transient interaction of the metabolic enzyme (e.g., GAP) with CDKB1;1 without a Cyc partner (alternative mechanism).
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Hexoquinase , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Gliceraldeído-3-Fosfato Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Glicólise , Ciclo CelularRESUMO
Introducción. El maltrato infantil es causa frecuente de hospitalización en países en desarrollo. Los niños que sufren algún tipo de abuso físico o psicológico pueden desarrollar problemas de adaptación social. Este estudio analiza los factores de riesgo asociados con el síndrome de maltrato infantil en niños hospitalizados en el Servicio de Urgencias. Población y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles de niños con y sin maltrato infantil en una proporción 1:1, desde enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2016. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo más relevantes; se consideró estadísticamente significativo si la P ≤ 0,05. Resultados. Se incluyeron 148 niños con maltrato y 148 sin maltrato. El maltrato fetal fue el más frecuente, seguido del abandono. El agresor, en la mayoría de los casos, fue un familiar o algún conocido del niño. Ser madre adolescente (oddsratio ajustado [ORa] 3,19; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %: 1,49-6,80), baja educación (ORa 4,70; IC 95 %: 2,33-9,45), ingresos económicos bajos (ORa 2,02; IC 95 %: 1,16-3,5), uso de drogas ilegales (ORa 15,32; IC 95 %: 6,22-37,7), niño con discapacidad (ORa 8,58; IC 95 %: 2,76-26,6) y menores de 2 años (ORa 2,08; IC 95 %: 1,20- 3,63) fueron los factores de mayor riesgo para maltrato infantil. Conclusión. Madres adolescentes con bajo nivel socioeconómico tienen mayor riesgo por parte del cuidador. La discapacidad es un factor de riesgo que se incrementa al doble en el análisis multivariado cuando se asocia madre adolescente y consumo de drogas ilegales
Introduction. Child maltreatment is a common cause of hospitalization in developing countries. Children who suffer some type of physical or psychological abuse may develop social adaptation problems. This study analyzed the risk factors associated with child maltreatment syndrome in children admitted to the Emergency Department. Population and methods. This was a case-control study of children who suffered maltreatment and controls at a 1:1 ratio conducted between January 2015 and December 2016. The most relevant risk factors were analyzed; a p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. In total, 148 children who suffered maltreatment and 148 controls were included. Fetal abuse was the most common problem, followed by neglect. In most cases, the abuser was a relative or acquaintance of the child. Being a teenage mother (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.19; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.49-6.80), a low level of education (aOR: 4.70; 95 % CI: 2.33-9.45), a low income (aOR: 2.02; 95 % CI: 1.16-3.5), illegal drug use (aOR: 15.32; 95 % CI: 6.22-37.7), a child with disability (aOR: 8.58; 95 % CI: 2.76-26.6), and age younger than 2 years (aOR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.20-3.63) were the highest risk factors for child maltreatment. Conclusion. Teenage mothers with a low socioeconomic level have the higher risk for abuse from a caregiver. Disability is a risk factor that doubles in the multivariate analysis when associated with teenage mothers.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Maus-Tratos Infantis/etnologia , Maus-Tratos Infantis/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Classe Social , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Prospectivos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , MéxicoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Child maltreatment is a common cause of hospitalization in developing countries. Children who suffer some type of physical or psychological abuse may develop social adaptation problems. This study analyzed the risk factors associated with child maltreatment syndrome in children admitted to the Emergency Department. POPULATION AND METHODS: This was a case-control study of children who suffered maltreatment and controls at a 1:1 ratio conducted between January 2015 and December 2016. The most relevant risk factors were analyzed; a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In total, 148 children who suffered maltreatment and 148 controls were included. Fetal abuse was the most common problem, followed by neglect. In most cases, the abuser was a relative or acquaintance of the child. Being a teenage mother (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.19; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.49-6.80), a low level of education (aOR: 4.70; 95 % CI: 2.339.45), a low income (aOR: 2.02; 95 % CI: 1.16-3.5), illegal drug use (aOR: 15.32; 95 % CI: 6.22-37.7), a child with disability (aOR: 8.58; 95 % CI: 2.7626.6), and age younger than 2 years (aOR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.20-3.63) were the highest risk factors for child maltreatment. CONLUSION: Teenage mothers with a low socioeconomic level have the higher risk for abuse from a caregiver. Disability is a risk factor that doubles in the multivariate analysis when associated with teenage mothers.
Introducción: El maltrato infantil es causa frecuente de hospitalización en países en desarrollo. Los niños que sufren algún tipo de abuso físico o psicológico pueden desarrollar problemas de adaptación social. Este estudio analiza los factores de riesgo asociados con el síndrome de maltrato infantil en niños hospitalizados en el Servicio de Urgencias. Población y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles de niños con y sin maltrato infantil en una proporción 1:1, desde enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2016. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo más relevantes; se consideró estadísticamente significativo si la P < 0,05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 148 niños con maltrato y 148 sin maltrato. El maltrato fetal fue el más frecuente, seguido del abandono. El agresor, en la mayoría de los casos, fue un familiar o algún conocido del niño. Ser madre adolescente (odds ratio ajustado [ORa] 3,19; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %: 1,49-6,80), baja educación (ORa 4,70; IC 95 %: 2,33-9,45), ingresos económicos bajos (ORa 2,02; IC 95 %: 1,16-3,5), uso de drogas ilegales (ORa 15,32; IC 95 %: 6,22-37,7), niño con discapacidad (ORa 8,58; IC 95 %: 2,76-26,6) y menores de 2 años (ORa 2,08; IC 95 %: 1,203,63) fueron los factores de mayor riesgo para maltrato infantil. Conclusión: Madres adolescentes con bajo nivel socioeconómico tienen mayor riesgo por parte del cuidador. La discapacidad es un factor de riesgo que se incrementa al doble en el análisis multivariado cuando se asocia madre adolescente y consumo de drogas ilegales.
Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
El paraquat (PQ) pertenece al grupo de herbicidas de los bipiridilos. Su presentación es en forma líquida o en granulado, usándose con una concentración al 5 %, para uso en jardinería y al 20 % para uso agrícola. En la intoxicación en humanos el órgano blanco es el pulmón. Los pacientes desarrollan insuficiencia respiratoria que puede explicarse por una inicial actividad que involucra un gran estrés oxidativo, con presencia de radicales libres de oxígeno y peroxidación lipídica, con sus consecuentes daños, además de infiltración por polimorfonucleares que con su reacción de liberación empeoran la neumonitis. Puede haber mejoría de la neumonitis y el daño en algunos órganos, pero pronto la aparición de fibrosis pulmonar lleva a falta de respuesta a la administración de oxígeno y a la muerte por insuficiencia respiratoria en algunos días a semanas. De acuerdo con la cantidad ingerida varía la evolución de la severidad del cuadro clínico. Se presentan dos pacientes pediátricos con intoxicación por PQ, a quienes se les inició tratamiento inmunosupresor después de 48 horas de la exposición. Uno de los pacientes se intoxicó de manera no intencional y otro por suicidio. Los dos pacientes recibieron tratamiento similar, sin embargo, el paciente con intención suicida falleció días después de la exposición. Se hace una revisión de la literatura sobre el tratamiento administrado.
Paraquat (PQ) belongs to the bipyridyls herbicides. Its presentation is liquid or granulated, being used at concentrations of 5 %, in gardening and 20 % in agricultural use. In human poisoning, the target organ is the lung. The patients develop respiratory insufficiency that can be explained by an initial activity that involves a great oxidative stress, with the presence of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation, with its consequent damages, in addition to polymorphonuclear infiltration that with its liberation reaction worsen pneumonitis. There may be improvement of pneumonitis, but the appearance of pulmonary fibrosis will lead to a lack of response to the administration of oxygen and death due to respiratory failure in a few days to a few weeks. According to the amount ingested, the evolution of the severity of the clinical picture varies. We present two pediatric patients with PQ poisoning, who were started on immunosuppressant treatment after 48 hours of exposure. One of the patients was poisoned incidentally and the other one by suicide. The two patients received similar treatment, however, the patient with suicidal intention died days after the exposure. A review of the literature on the treatment offered is made.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Paraquat/intoxicação , Intoxicação/tratamento farmacológico , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, PCNA, has roles in both G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. Here we show that maize PCNA can be found in cells in structures of a trimer or a dimer of trimer, in complexes of high molecular mass that change in size as germination proceeds, co-eluting with cell cycle proteins as CycD3;1 and CDKs (A/B1;1). Using different methodological strategies, we show that PCNA actually interacts with CycD3;1, CDKA, CDKB1;1, KRP1;1 and KRP4;1, all of which contain PIP or PIP-like motifs. Anti-PCNA immunoprecipitates show kinase activity that is inhibited by KRP1;1 and KRP4;2, indicating the formation of quaternary complexes PCNA-CycD/CDKs-KRPs in which PCNA would act as a platform. This inhibitory effect seems to be differential during the germination process, more pronounced as germination advances, suggesting a complex regulatory mechanism in which PCNA could bind different sets of cyclins/CDKs, some more susceptible to inhibition by KRPs than others.
Assuntos
Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/metabolismo , Zea mays/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/genética , Ciclinas/genética , Ciclinas/metabolismo , Germinação , Fosforilação , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/genética , Zea mays/enzimologia , Zea mays/fisiologiaRESUMO
Numerous self-sustaining naturalized or introduced populations of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are widely distributed throughout the freshwaters of southern Chile. In this study, analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) marker was conducted to investigate the level of genetic divergence among populations and their phylogenetic relationships with respect to native lineages. This information provided a framework to interpret the genetic structure and origin that was shaped during historical trout introduction efforts. To this end, we analyzed eleven naturalized populations of lakes and rivers from five basins. The CR marker revealed five haplotypes. The overall haplotype (H) and nucleotide (Π) diversities were 0.684 ± 0.030 and 0.00460 ± 0.00012, respectively. Global F ST was 0.169, with several pairwise F ST estimates showing significant differences (P < 0.05). The exact test of population differentiation corroborated this result (P < 0.001). Significant geographic structure was found (P < 0.05), with variations explained primarily by differences within populations (61.65%) and among group basins (20.82%). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis resolved two distinct clades with medium bootstrap support when naturalized populations were aligned in conjunction with reference native lineages. The haplotype network revealed a close association between naturalized populations and four main haplotypes representative of three native ecotypes or lineages from western North America (rainbow trout, steelhead trout and redband trout). These results indicate a genetic population structuring for naturalized rainbow trout from southern Chile and an origin probably represented by multiple lineages sources. Thus, mitochondrial DNA data strongly suggest that stocking of rainbow trout from different origins may have occurred during or after the initial introduction efforts.
RESUMO
Antecedentes. La ingesta de sustancias cáusticas en pediatría constituye una causa frecuente de atención médica en Urgencias. El uso indiscriminado de limpiadores químicos y la facilidad de adquisición son factores determinantes para estas lesiones. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo analítico. Se incluyeron niños < 16 años, entre enero de 1998 y diciembre de 2017. Se identificó el agente químico cáustico ingerido por el niño como ácido o alcalino. Se realizó una endoscopía digestiva para tipificar el grado de quemadura. Se comparó el grado de quemadura con el tipo de cáustico; por medio de la prueba de chi² o exacta de Fisher, se consideró significativo el valor de P < 0,05. Resultados. Ingresaron 133 niños en Urgencias por ingesta de cáusticos. El agente cáustico fue ácido en el 41 % y alcalino en el 59 %. El agente ácido más frecuente fue el ácido muriático (36,8 %), mientras que el alcalino fue la sosa (soda) cáustica (41,4 %). La quemadura del esófago fue más frecuente en la ingesta de sosa en comparación con otros cáusticos (p= 0,001), mientras que la quemadura del estómago (p= 0,001) y del duodeno (p= 0,002) fue estadísticamente significativa en la ingesta de ácido muriático. El grupo de edad que más frecuentemente ingirió algún cáustico (93,2 %) fueron los menores de 5 años. Conclusiones. El cáustico ingerido con mayor frecuencia fue un agente alcalino, que provocó quemadura esofágica, mientras que un agente ácido provocó quemaduras en el estómago y el duodeno evidenciadas por endoscopía.
Background. Caustic ingestion in pediatrics is a common cause of visits to the Emergency Department. An indiscriminate use of cleaning chemicals and an easy access to them are determining factors for these injuries. Population and methods. Descriptive, analytical study. Children aged < 16 years hospitalized between January 1998 and December 2017 were included. The ingested caustic substance was identified as acid or alkaline. A gastrointestinal endoscopy was done to establish the burn grade. The grade of the burn was compared to the type of caustic substance using the χ² test or the Fisher's exact test; a P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. A total of 133 children were admitted to the Emergency Department due to caustic ingestion. The caustic agent was acid in 41 % of cases and alkaline, in 59 %. The most common acid caustic substance was muriatic acid (36.8 %) and the most common alkaline caustic agent was caustic soda (41.4 %). An esophageal burn was the most common consequence of caustic soda ingestion compared to other caustic agents (p = 0.001), whereas muriatic acid ingestion was the most statistically significant cause of stomach burn (p = 0.001) and duodenal burn (p = 0.002). The age group that most commonly ingested some caustic agent (93.2 %) corresponded to children younger than 5 years. Conclusions. The most common type of ingested caustic agent was alkaline, which caused esophageal burn; whereas, the ingestion of an acid caustic substance caused stomach and duodenal burns, as evidenced by endoscopy.