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PURPOSE: To provide a descriptive investigation about relevant features of the crested caracara's eye (Caracara plancus) and bony orbit, as well as provide data for ophthalmic tests. METHODS: Morphological observations and the following diagnostic tests were performed: Schirmer tear test (STT), conjunctival flora evaluation, corneal touch threshold (CTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), B-mode ocular biometry, palpebral fissure length (PFL), and corneal diameter (CD) in 19 healthy birds, plus two macerated skulls. Not all birds were used for each test. RESULTS: STT: 7.84 ± 3.05 mm/min; CTT: 2.46 ± 1.10 cm; IOP: 19.18 ± 3.07 mmHg; CCT: 0.31 ± 0.02 mm; PFL: 13.32 ± 1.06 mm; CD: 10.26 ± 2.43 mm; Axial globe length: 1.89 ± 0.06 cm; Anterior chamber depth: 0.27 ± 0.06 cm; Lens axial length: 4.55 ± 0.06 cm; Vitreous chamber depth: 1.2 ± 0.07 cm. The most frequent conjunctival bacterial isolates were Corynebacterium sp. (10/23.8%), Staphylococcus sp. (9/21.42%), Streptococcus sp. (7/16.6%), and E. coli (7/16.66%). The large lateral part of the palatine bone likely plays a role in the ventral protection of the globe against the impact of prey. Observed results are generally reflective of increased body mass compared to other Falconiformes, with values approaching those of similar sized Accipitriformes. CONCLUSIONS: These data may help veterinarians recognize peculiar morphologic features and perform a more accurate diagnosis of eye diseases of this avian species.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anatomy of the serratus plane in dogs to establish the optimal landmarks for a superficial serratus plane (SSP) block and evaluate ropivacaine-methylene blue solution dispersion with three volumes of injection. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental cadaveric study. ANIMALS: A formaldehyde solution-preserved dog cadaver and 15 frozen/thawed adult dog cadavers. METHODS: The thoracic wall of the formaldehyde-preserved cadaver was dissected. An SSP injection was performed on each hemithorax of the cadavers, with the ultrasound transducer placed over the fourth and fifth ribs, at the level of the shoulder joint. A needle was inserted in-plane in a caudocranial direction until it could be visualized between the serratus ventralis thoracis and latissimus dorsi muscles. Dog cadavers were injected with a ropivacaine-methylene blue solution at 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 mL kg-1 and were dissected to determine the spread of the dye. RESULTS: The thoracic wall muscles identified in the formalinized cadaver were the cutaneous trunci, latissimus dorsi, external abdominal oblique, serratus ventralis thoracis, scalenus, serratus dorsalis cranialis and external intercostal. The nerves identified in the SSP included the lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves, intercostobrachial nerves and long thoracic nerve. The solution was successfully injected at the SSP in 26 of 29 (89.7%) attempts. Dermatomal dye spread, median (range), was 4 (3-6), 4 (2-5) and 5 (4-8) for 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 mL kg-1, respectively, with no significant difference among them. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Injections for an SSP block were easily performed under ultrasound guidance, using the fourth and fifth ribs at the level of the shoulder joint as reference landmarks. An injected volume of 0.3 mL kg-1 may be sufficient for hemithorax analgesia in dogs. Further studies in dogs are required to determine the utility of this technique.

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PURPOSE: To develop 3D anatomical models, and corresponding radiographs, of canine jaw fractures. METHODS: A base model was generated from a mandibular bone scan. With this model it was possible to perform fracture planning according to the anatomical location. RESULTS: The 3D base model of the canine mandible was similar in conformation to the natural bone, demonstrating structures such as canine tooth crowns, premolars and molars, mental foramina, body of the mandible, ramus of the mandible, masseteric fossa, the coronoid process, condylar process, and angular process. It was not possible to obtain detail of the crown of the incisor teeth, mandibular symphysis, and the medullary channel. Production of the 3D CJF model took 10.6 h, used 150.1 g of filament (ABS) and cost US$5.83. CONCLUSION: The 3D canine jaw fractures models, which reproduced natural canine jaw fractures, and their respective radiographic images, are a possible source of educational material for the teaching of veterinary medicine.

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PurposeTo develop 3D anatomical models, and corresponding radiographs, of canine jaw fractures.MethodsA base model was generated from a mandibular bone scan. With this model it was possible to perform fracture planning according to the anatomical location.ResultsThe 3D base model of the canine mandible was similar in conformation to the natural bone, demonstrating structures such as canine tooth crowns, premolars and molars, mental foramina, body of the mandible, ramus of the mandible, masseteric fossa, the coronoid process, condylar process, and angular process. It was not possible to obtain detail of the crown of the incisor teeth, mandibular symphysis, and the medullary channel. Production of the 3D CJF model took 10.6 h, used 150.1 g of filament (ABS) and cost US$5.83.ConclusionThe 3D canine jaw fractures models, which reproduced natural canine jaw fractures, and their respective radiographic images, are a possible source of educational material for the teaching of veterinary medicine.(AU)

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Abstract Purpose To develop 3D anatomical models, and corresponding radiographs, of canine jaw fractures. Methods A base model was generated from a mandibular bone scan. With this model it was possible to perform fracture planning according to the anatomical location. Results The 3D base model of the canine mandible was similar in conformation to the natural bone, demonstrating structures such as canine tooth crowns, premolars and molars, mental foramina, body of the mandible, ramus of the mandible, masseteric fossa, the coronoid process, condylar process, and angular process. It was not possible to obtain detail of the crown of the incisor teeth, mandibular symphysis, and the medullary channel. Production of the 3D CJF model took 10.6 h, used 150.1 g of filament (ABS) and cost US$5.83. Conclusion The 3D canine jaw fractures models, which reproduced natural canine jaw fractures, and their respective radiographic images, are a possible source of educational material for the teaching of veterinary medicine.

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This study aimed to evaluate the morphological changes in microvascular density and corpus luteum (CL) vascularization in cows treated with eCG during stimulatory and superovulatory protocols. Sixteen cows were synchronized and divided into three groups: control (n = 6), stimulated (n = 4) and superovulated (n =6), one was submitted to estrous synchronization (ES) and received no eCG (control), and those that were submitted to ES and received eCG before or after follicular deviation (superovulation and stimulation of the dominant follicle, respectively). Ovulation was synchronized using a progesterone device-based protocol. After six days of ovulation, the cows were slaughtered and the ovaries and CL were collected. The CLs were processed and photomicrographs were taken under light microscopy to assess the vascular volume density (Vv) by stereology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to perform ultrastructural analysis of the microvasculature. The Vv in stimulated and superovulated cows significantly increased (P ≤ 0.0001) when compared to control, indicating that the eCG is able to induce angiogenic activity in bovine CL. However, no significant differences were observed between stimulated and superovulated cows. The SEM demonstrated ratings indicative of angiogenesis, marked by several button-shaped projections in the capillaries, and the presence of more dilated capillaries in CL treated with eCG. These morphological findings are evidence of an angiogenic effect of the eCG treatment in CL of cows.

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Objetivou-se relatar características morfológicas do bulbo ocular e determinar valores de referência para testes oftálmicos selecionados em corujas-orelhudas (Asio clamator). Foram estudados 32 olhos de 16 corujas (Asio clamator), adultas e jovens, machos e fêmeas, de vida livre. Sendo compilados dados referentes a observações morfológicas do crânio, bulbo ocular e anexos, além de mensuração de testes oftálmicos, incluindo, Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS), cultura da microbiota normal da conjuntiva, estesiometria, pressão intraocular (PIO), espessura de córnea central (ECC), diâmetro horizontal da rima palpebral, diâmetro horizontal da córnea e oftalmoscopia indireta. Vinte e dois tipos de bactérias foram identificados em 12 corujas havendo predominância de microrganismos Gram-positivos. A média encontrada para o TLS foi de 5,03±3,28mm/min, para o diâmetro horizontal da rima palpebral em 16 corujas foi 21,24±1,17mm, e 15,7±2,74mm para o diâmetro horizontal da córnea. O valor médio para o teste de estesiometria foi de 0,80±0,59cm, a PIO média de 13,81±5,62mmHg e ECC média de 0,28±0,03cm. O estudo contribuiu para a caracterização da morfologia ocular e para o estabelecimento de valores de referências de testes diagnósticos oftálmicos em corujas-orelhudas, sendo necessário ainda o desenvolvimento de estudos complementares sobre histologia ocular desta espécie.

The investigation aimed to describe the most relevant morphological characteristics of the eyes of the striped owl (Asio clamator) and determine normal values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests. A total of 32 eyes of 16 young and adult free-ranging healthy striped owls of both sexes were investigated. Data of different morphological observations of the skull, eye globe and adnexa, clinical tests and parameters were collected, including Schirmer Tear Test (STT), normal conjunctival bacterial microbiota, esthesiometry, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), horizontal palpebral fissure length, horizontal, corneal diameter and fundoscopy. Twenty two types of bacteria were identified in twelve owls, the most frequent bacteriae were the Gram-positive. The mean value found for the STT was 5.03±3.28mm/min; horizontal palpebral fissure lengths was 21.24±1.17mm, and 15.7±2.74mm for horizontal corneal diameter. The mean value for the esthesiometry was 0.80±0.59cm, IOP was 13.81±5.62mmHg and CCT was 0.28±0.03cm. This study contributes to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the striped owl, as well as for morphological characterization of the eyeball of Asio clamator; but it is still necessary to characterize furthermore its histologic features.

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Objetivou-se relatar características morfológicas do bulbo ocular e determinar valores de referência para testes oftálmicos selecionados em corujas-orelhudas (Asio clamator). Foram estudados 32 olhos de 16 corujas (Asio clamator), adultas e jovens, machos e fêmeas, de vida livre. Sendo compilados dados referentes a observações morfológicas do crânio, bulbo ocular e anexos, além de mensuração de testes oftálmicos, incluindo, Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS), cultura da microbiota normal da conjuntiva, estesiometria, pressão intraocular (PIO), espessura de córnea central (ECC), diâmetro horizontal da rima palpebral, diâmetro horizontal da córnea e oftalmoscopia indireta. Vinte e dois tipos de bactérias foram identificados em 12 corujas havendo predominância de microrganismos Gram-positivos. A média encontrada para o TLS foi de 5,03±3,28mm/min, para o diâmetro horizontal da rima palpebral em 16 corujas foi 21,24±1,17mm, e 15,7±2,74mm para o diâmetro horizontal da córnea. O valor médio para o teste de estesiometria foi de 0,80±0,59cm, a PIO média de 13,81±5,62mmHg e ECC média de 0,28±0,03cm. O estudo contribuiu para a caracterização da morfologia ocular e para o estabelecimento de valores de referências de testes diagnósticos oftálmicos em corujas-orelhudas, sendo necessário ainda o desenvolvimento de estudos complementares sobre histologia ocular desta espécie. (AU)

The investigation aimed to describe the most relevant morphological characteristics of the eyes of the striped owl (Asio clamator) and determine normal values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests. A total of 32 eyes of 16 young and adult free-ranging healthy striped owls of both sexes were investigated. Data of different morphological observations of the skull, eye globe and adnexa, clinical tests and parameters were collected, including Schirmer Tear Test (STT), normal conjunctival bacterial microbiota, esthesiometry, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), horizontal palpebral fissure length, horizontal, corneal diameter and fundoscopy. Twenty two types of bacteria were identified in twelve owls, the most frequent bacteriae were the Gram-positive. The mean value found for the STT was 5.03±3.28mm/min; horizontal palpebral fissure lengths was 21.24±1.17mm, and 15.7±2.74mm for horizontal corneal diameter. The mean value for the esthesiometry was 0.80±0.59cm, IOP was 13.81±5.62mmHg and CCT was 0.28±0.03cm. This study contributes to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the striped owl, as well as for morphological characterization of the eyeball of Asio clamator; but it is still necessary to characterize furthermore its histologic features. (AU)

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A 10-year-old DSH cat was referred for a dental evaluation and extraction procedure. Subsequently, the animal developed an acute onset of ocular discharge. Ophthalmologic examination revealed presence of unilateral ocular mucoid discharge leading to a diagnosis of epiphora secondary to nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Dacryocystorhinography was performed and confirmed the presence of a nasolacrimal duct obstruction, presumably acquired after an invasive dental procedure. Additionally, a vinyl cast in situ study of the nasolacrymal apparatus was performed to demonstrate the route of the nasolacrimal duct in the cat and its relationship to oral dental structures. This report documents an unusual case in which excessive inflammation/edema following tooth extraction caused acute epiphora secondary to extraluminal compression of the distal nasolacrimal duct.

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Fire gun euthanasia is a widely used method on Equine Infectious Anemia positive horses in Brazil. Death occurs by massive destruction of brain tissue and the degree of damage depends on the gun, projectile, and shooting precision. Cranial bone lesions of eight horses euthanized and brain lesions on two of those animals were evaluated. This study aimed to verify the applicability and efficiency of the method and to check the lesions features, with emphasis on fatal ones, found mainly in frontal, sphenoid and occipital bones, and on cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brain stem. Difficulties in applying the method for grouped animals were identified. Injuries that caused immediate stunning were related to only one shot and the gun and ammunition used were effective for the purpose.

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