RESUMO
Brain abscesses in ruminants often arise from primary infection foci, leading to an unfavorable prognosis for affected animals. This highlights the need for comprehensive studies on brain abscesses across different ruminant species. We retrospectively investigated medical records of epidemiological, clinical, neuroimaging, anatomopathological, and bacteriological findings in six ruminants (three goats, two cows, and one sheep) diagnosed with brain abscesses. All animals studied were female. Apathy (50%), compulsive walking (33%), decreased facial sensitivity (33%), head pressing (33%), seizures (33%), semicomatous mental status (33%), strabismus (33%), unilateral blindness (33%), and circling (33%) represented the most common neurologic signs. Leukocytosis and neutrophilia were the main findings in the hematological evaluation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed predominant hyperproteinorrachia and pleocytosis. In three cases, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were used, enabling the identification of typical abscess lesions, which were subsequently confirmed during postmortem examination. Microbiological culture of the abscess samples and/or CSF revealed bacterial coinfections in most cases. Advanced imaging examinations, combined with CSF analysis, can aid in diagnosis, although confirmation typically relies on postmortem evaluation and isolation of the causative agent. This study contributes to clinicopathological aspects, neuroimages, and bacteriological diagnosis of brain abscesses in domestic ruminants.
RESUMO
Neurocysticercosis is a heterogeneous disease, and the patient's sex seems to play a role in this heterogeneity. Hosts' sexual dimorphism in cysticercosis has been largely explored in the murine model of intraperitoneal Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis. In this study, we investigated the sexual dimorphism of inflammatory responses in a rat model of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis caused by T. crassiceps. T. crassiceps cysticerci were inoculated in the subarachnoid space of Wistar rats (25 females, 22 males). Ninety days later, the rats were euthanized for histologic, immunohistochemistry, and cytokines studies. Ten animals also underwent a 7-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Female rats presented a higher concentration of immune cells in the arachnoid-brain interface, reactive astrogliosis in the periventricular region, in situ pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and more intense hydrocephalus on MRI than males. Intracranial hypertension signals were not observed during the observational period. Overall, these results suggest sexual dimorphism in the intracranial inflammatory response that accompanied T. crassiceps extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis.
Assuntos
Cisticercose , Neurocisticercose , Taenia , Masculino , Camundongos , Feminino , Ratos , Animais , Neurocisticercose/diagnóstico por imagem , Neurocisticercose/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Caracteres Sexuais , Ratos Wistar , Citocinas , Interleucina-6 , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
The sartorius muscle is located in the pelvic limb of the dog and is divided into a cranial and caudal part. There is no report describingof the three parts of the sartorius muscle. The aim of the present report was to describe the presence of a third part of the sartorius muscle in a dog. Although it does not represent a malformation, it is an important anatomical variation to consider fordidactic purposes of dissection and in surgeries of the pelvic limb, as in this case there is a need to move the muscles apart to maintain their integrity.Furthermore, this anatomical description is relevant for comparative purposes in this animal species.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães/anatomia & histologia , Variação Anatômica , Músculos Isquiossurais/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Background: Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a neurological disease in ruminants, which is characterized by malacia of brain gray matter. Thiamine deficiency and sulfur intoxication are the most common causes of PEM in sheep. Affected animals present signs of cerebrocortical syndrome, including amaurosis, ataxia, head pressing, mental depression, seizures, and opisthotonus. The neurological examination aims to determine the neurolocalization of the lesions and advanced imaging techniques are useful for confirming the affected area(s) in the central nervous system. The aim of this study is to describe clinical features and ante-mortem diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a sheep with PEM. Case: A 18-month-old male Dorper sheep from a flock started receiving concentrate 7 days before. According to the owner, no clinical signs of abnormality were observed on the previous morning. However, in the afternoon, the animal became selfisolated and did not follow the flock to the sheepfold. The following day, he was found in recumbency. Physical examination revealed lateral recumbency, rectal temperature 39.5ºC, 52 bpm, 120 bpm, congested mucous membranes, capillary refill time 1 s, ruminal (4/5 min) and intestinal hypomotility. The assessment of the central nervous system revealed a decreased level of consciousness, focal seizures, opisthotonus, and absence of menace response. The following differential diagnoses were listed: PEM, head trauma, focal symmetrical encephalomalacia, bacterial encephalitis, and rabies. Treatment was composed of dexamethasone [0.2 mg/kg - i.v., SID (1st-3rd day), 0.1 mg/kg, i.v., SID (4th-6th day), and 0.05 mg/kg, i.v., SID (7th-9th day)]; mannitol [1 g/kg - i.v. and diazepam 0.4 mg/kg, i.v. single dose at admission]; vitamin B1 [10 mg/kg - i.m., SID], furosemide [1 mg/kg - i.v., SID for 3 days] and sulfadoxine/trimethoprim [30 mg/kg - i.m., SID for 10 days]. After the initial treatment, the patient showed mild clinical improvement; however, the amaurosis was still present. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed on the 2nd day of hospitalization, showing a symmetrical hypersignal in the parietal and occipital cortices, in the axial and sagittal sequences weighted in T2 and FLAIR. Discussion: This study aimed to describe the clinical signs and MRI findings in a sheep with PEM. In this case, the sudden change to the feed composition probably led to ruminal dysbiosis, inhibition of thiamine-producing microorganisms and proliferation of bacteria that synthesize thiaminase. Thiamine therapy proved to be effective and capable of reverting the clinical signs. The decrease in the level of consciousness, cortical blindness, and opisthotonus are due to alterations in the parietal cortex, in the occipital cortex, and in the cerebellum, respectively, which were demonstrated by hypersignal areas in the MRI. Therefore, the neurolocalization of the lesion based on neurologic examination and the MRI findings were related. The physicochemical and cytological evaluations of the cerebrospinal fluid, and dosage of thiamine and the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen were not performed. However, the response to thiamine treatment associated with the neurologic examination and MRI findings helped in determining the diagnosis. Additionally, MRI can be used as a useful tool for the ante mortem diagnosis of PEM.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Deficiência de Tiamina/veterinária , Ovinos , Encefalomalacia/veterinária , Encefalomalacia/diagnóstico por imagem , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Necrose/veterinária , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/veterináriaRESUMO
In humans and pets, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides important adjunctive anatomic information about the thyroid and its adjacent structures. To the best of our knowledge, however, no studies have been reported regarding the use of MRI for thyroid evaluation in horses. The aim of this study was to obtain qualitative and quantitative parameters of healthy thyroid gland in adult horses by MRI. Eleven horses were submitted to thyroid MRI evaluation. The healthy thyroid of these animals was ensured by normal examinations performed before (free thyroxine and ultrasound) and after (cytology) to MRI. It was concluded that the dorsal spin-echo T1-weighted, fast spin-echo T2-weighted, sagittal STIR and a three-dimensional T1-weighted gradient echo were the sequences that best characterized the thyroid lobes. Qualitatively, there was a significant variation in the elliptical format of some lobes considering the sagittal plane, which oscillated between rounded and flattened conformation. Excellent reproducibility of the quantitative thyroid parameters obtained was verified. The thyroid gland total volume mean of observers was 14.31 cm3 (±0.69). In relation with comparisons between quantitative parameters of left and right lobes, only differences regarding their respective lengths were observed. Thus, we can infer that the difference in some thyroid lobes format can be explained by the significant variation identified between left and right lobes lengths.
Assuntos
Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Glândula Tireoide , Animais , Cavalos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/veterinária , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
O carpo equino é uma região anatômica que apresenta relevância clínica e cirúrgica aos veterinários, sendo o ultrassom uma modalidade de exame complementar útil para auxiliar no diagnóstico de afecções que envolvem as principais estruturas desta articulação. Devido à escassez de trabalhos que ilustrem os aspectos morfológicos da articulação cárpica hígida e também por consequência de sua alta complexidade, foi objetivo deste trabalho apresentar uma minuciosa descrição anátomo-ultrassonográfica comparada do carpo equino. Na primeira etapa deste estudo, foram utilizadas peças anatômicas provenientes de membros torácicos equinos de modo a priorizar estruturas de maior importância clínica dos aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral e medial da articulação cárpica. Na segunda etapa, por meio do exame por ultrassonografia de dois cavalos, foram geradas imagens longitudinais e transversais das estruturas alvo para o estudo anatômico, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à espessura, ecogenicidade e ecotextura. A partir desses dois estudos, foi realizada a correlação das estruturas macroscópicas das peças com suas respectivas representações ultrassonográficas, levando ao desenvolvimento de imagens didáticas aliadas às descrições das estruturas musculoesqueléticas da articulação cárpica, de modo a auxiliar no estudo desta região.
The equine carpal joint is relevant in clinical and surgical veterinary practices, with the use of ultrasound being very helpful as a complementary exam to diagnose some diseases that involves the principal structures of this articulation. Due to the lack in studies that illustrate the morphological aspect of this region in health horses and for it complexity, it is this study goal to present a meticulous description of the compared ultrasonographic anatomy of the equine carpal joint. For this study, anatomical pieces from equine thoracic limbs were used, being two already dissecated and fixated in formol and four pieces presented in transversal cuts, in order to prioritize the evaluation of the most important structures for clinical practice in the dorsal, medial, lateral and palmar aspects of the equine carpal joint. With the use of ultrasonographic exam in two health horses belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, FMVZ/Unesp Botucatu/SP, longitudinal and transverse images of the respective dissected structures in the anatomical study were generated, wich were evaluated for ecotexture, echogenicity and thickness. From both studies, a correlation was made between the macroscopic structures from the anatomical pieces and the ultrasonographic representations, leading to the development of teaching images and musculoskeletical structures description of the carpal joint, generated in order to help on its study.
El carpo equino es una región anatómica que tiene relevancia clínica y quirúrgica para los veterinarios, siendo el ultrasonido una modalidad útil de examen complementario para ayudar en el diagnóstico de afecciones que involucran las estructuras principales de esta articulación. Debido a la escasez de estudios que ilustran los aspectos morfológicos de la articulación carpiana sana y también como resultado de su alta complejidad, el objetivo de este estudio fue presentar una descripción anatómica y ecográfica detallada del carpo equino. En la primera etapa de este estudio, se utilizaron piezas anatómicas de extremidades torácicas equinas para priorizar estructuras de mayor importancia clínica desde los aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral y medial de la articulación carpiana. En la segunda etapa, a través del examen de ultrasonido de dos caballos, se generaron imágenes longitudinales y transversales de las estructuras principales para el estudio anatómico, que se evaluaron en cuanto a espesor, ecogenicidad y ecotextura. A partir de estos dos estudios, las estructuras macroscópicas de las piezas se correlacionaron con sus respectivas representaciones ecográficas, lo que condujo al desarrollo de imágenes didácticas combinadas con descripciones de las estructuras musculoesqueléticas de la articulación carpiana, para ayudar en el estudio de esta región.
Assuntos
Animais , Articulações do Carpo/anatomia & histologia , Articulações do Carpo/diagnóstico por imagem , Carpo Animal/anatomia & histologia , Carpo Animal/diagnóstico por imagem , Cavalos/anatomia & histologia , Ultrassonografia/veterináriaRESUMO
O carpo equino é uma região anatômica que apresenta relevância clínica e cirúrgica aos veterinários, sendo o ultrassom uma modalidade de exame complementar útil para auxiliar no diagnóstico de afecções que envolvem as principais estruturas desta articulação. Devido à escassez de trabalhos que ilustrem os aspectos morfológicos da articulação cárpica hígida e também por consequência de sua alta complexidade, foi objetivo deste trabalho apresentar uma minuciosa descrição anátomo-ultrassonográfica comparada do carpo equino. Na primeira etapa deste estudo, foram utilizadas peças anatômicas provenientes de membros torácicos equinos de modo a priorizar estruturas de maior importância clínica dos aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral e medial da articulação cárpica. Na segunda etapa, por meio do exame por ultrassonografia de dois cavalos, foram geradas imagens longitudinais e transversais das estruturas alvo para o estudo anatômico, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à espessura, ecogenicidade e ecotextura. A partir desses dois estudos, foi realizada a correlação das estruturas macroscópicas das peças com suas respectivas representações ultrassonográficas, levando ao desenvolvimento de imagens didáticas aliadas às descrições das estruturas musculoesqueléticas da articulação cárpica, de modo a auxiliar no estudo desta região.(AU)
The equine carpal joint is relevant in clinical and surgical veterinary practices, with the use of ultrasound being very helpful as a complementary exam to diagnose some diseases that involves the principal structures of this articulation. Due to the lack in studies that illustrate the morphological aspect of this region in health horses and for it complexity, it is this study goal to present a meticulous description of the compared ultrasonographic anatomy of the equine carpal joint. For this study, anatomical pieces from equine thoracic limbs were used, being two already dissecated and fixated in formol and four pieces presented in transversal cuts, in order to prioritize the evaluation of the most important structures for clinical practice in the dorsal, medial, lateral and palmar aspects of the equine carpal joint. With the use of ultrasonographic exam in two health horses belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, FMVZ/Unesp Botucatu/SP, longitudinal and transverse images of the respective dissected structures in the anatomical study were generated, wich were evaluated for ecotexture, echogenicity and thickness. From both studies, a correlation was made between the macroscopic structures from the anatomical pieces and the ultrasonographic representations, leading to the development of teaching images and musculoskeletical structures description of the carpal joint, generated in order to help on its study.(AU)
El carpo equino es una región anatómica que tiene relevancia clínica y quirúrgica para los veterinarios, siendo el ultrasonido una modalidad útil de examen complementario para ayudar en el diagnóstico de afecciones que involucran las estructuras principales de esta articulación. Debido a la escasez de estudios que ilustran los aspectos morfológicos de la articulación carpiana sana y también como resultado de su alta complejidad, el objetivo de este estudio fue presentar una descripción anatómica y ecográfica detallada del carpo equino. En la primera etapa de este estudio, se utilizaron piezas anatómicas de extremidades torácicas equinas para priorizar estructuras de mayor importancia clínica desde los aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral y medial de la articulación carpiana. En la segunda etapa, a través del examen de ultrasonido de dos caballos, se generaron imágenes longitudinales y transversales de las estructuras principales para el estudio anatómico, que se evaluaron en cuanto a espesor, ecogenicidad y ecotextura. A partir de estos dos estudios, las estructuras macroscópicas de las piezas se correlacionaron con sus respectivas representaciones ecográficas, lo que condujo al desarrollo de imágenes didácticas combinadas con descripciones de las estructuras musculoesqueléticas de la articulación carpiana, para ayudar en el estudio de esta región.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Articulações do Carpo/anatomia & histologia , Articulações do Carpo/diagnóstico por imagem , Cavalos/anatomia & histologia , Carpo Animal/anatomia & histologia , Carpo Animal/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lissencephaly is a brain malformation characterized by smooth and thickened cerebral surface, which may result in structural epilepsy. Lissencephaly is not common in veterinary medicine. Here, we characterize the first cases of lissencephaly in four Shih Tzu dogs, including clinical presentations and findings of magnetic resonance imaging of lissencephaly and several concomitant brain malformations. CASE PRESENTATION: Early-onset acute signs of forebrain abnormalities were observed in all dogs, which were mainly cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Based on neurological examination, the findings were consistent with symmetrical and bilateral forebrain lesions. Metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases were excluded. Magnetic resonance imaging for three dogs showed diffuse neocortical agyria and thickened gray matter while one dog had mixed agyria and pachygyria. Other features, such as internal hydrocephalus, supracollicular fluid accumulation, and corpus callosum hypoplasia, were detected concomitantly. Antiepileptic drugs effectively controlled cluster seizures, however, sporadic isolated seizures and signs of forebrain abnormalities, such as behavioral alterations, central blindness, and strabismus persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Lissencephaly should be considered an important differential diagnosis in Shih Tzu dogs presenting with early-onset signs of forebrain abnormalities, including cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Magnetic resonance imaging was appropriate for ante-mortem diagnosis of lissencephaly and associated cerebral anomalies.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Epilepsia/veterinária , Lisencefalia/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Cão/congênito , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Cães , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Epilepsia/etiologia , Feminino , Lisencefalia/complicações , Lisencefalia/diagnóstico , Lisencefalia/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/veterinária , MasculinoRESUMO
Frequentemente profissionais experientes enfrentam dificuldades em avaliar exames imagenológicos da região cervical de asininos e muares, uma vez que é escassa, quando não inexistentes, bases científicas que possam auxiliá-los, sendo comum estudos em cavalos, que acabam por serem referências àquelas espécies. A complexidade anatômica também colabora a este laborioso diagnóstico, onde a radiografia e a ultrassonografia são consideradas primordiais por serem não invasivas, de baixo custo e se complementarem. Em cavalos, os diâmetros sagital mínimo e intervertebral são utilizados para diagnóstico em casos de ataxia. Infiltrações guiadas por ultrassonografia são utilizadas em equinos com finalidade diagnóstica ou terapêutica.
Experienced professionals often face difficulties in evaluating imaging exams of the cervical region of donkeys and mules, since there is little, if not none, scientific basis that can help them, with studies in horses common, which end up being references to those species. Anatomical complexity also contributes to this laborious diagnosis, where radiography and ultrasound are considered essential because they are noninvasive, inexpensive and complement each other. In horses, the minimum sagittal and intervertebral diameters are used for diagnosis in cases of ataxia. Infiltrations guided by ultrasonography are used in horses for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos , Equidae , Radiografia/veterinária , Ultrassonografia/veterinária , Vértebras Cervicais/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Frequentemente profissionais experientes enfrentam dificuldades em avaliar exames imagenológicos da região cervical de asininos e muares, uma vez que é escassa, quando não inexistentes, bases científicas que possam auxiliá-los, sendo comum estudos em cavalos, que acabam por serem referências àquelas espécies. A complexidade anatômica também colabora a este laborioso diagnóstico, onde a radiografia e a ultrassonografia são consideradas primordiais por serem não invasivas, de baixo custo e se complementarem. Em cavalos, os diâmetros sagital mínimo e intervertebral são utilizados para diagnóstico em casos de ataxia. Infiltrações guiadas por ultrassonografia são utilizadas em equinos com finalidade diagnóstica ou terapêutica. (AU)
Experienced professionals often face difficulties in evaluating imaging exams of the cervical region of donkeys and mules, since there is little, if not none, scientific basis that can help them, with studies in horses common, which end up being references to those species. Anatomical complexity also contributes to this laborious diagnosis, where radiography and ultrasound are considered essential because they are noninvasive, inexpensive and complement each other. In horses, the minimum sagittal and intervertebral diameters are used for diagnosis in cases of ataxia. Infiltrations guided by ultrasonography are used in horses for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.(AU)