RESUMO
The serological markers for the diagnosis of COVID-19 plays an important role in the epidemiological investigation of the pandemic. This study aims to assess the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 in hepatitis B and C patients in a pre-vaccination of COVID-19 period. Between March 2020 and January 2021, 199 serum samples from individuals with HBsAg/HBV DNA or anti-HCV/HCV RNA positivity were tested for antibodies (IgM and IgG) against SARS-CoV-2 using Electrochemiluminescent Immunoassay (ECLIA). Among these, 50.3 % (100/199) tested positive for hepatitis C virus infection and 49.7 % (99/199) for hepatitis B virus, confirmed through molecular and serological diagnosis. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 24.1 % (48/199) in this population, with 23.23 % (23/99) hepatitis B and 25 % (25/100) hepatitis C patients tested positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2. The higher seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 (16.58 %, 33/199) was detected among those over-40 years of age and the month of November 2020 had the highest number of detections 9 % (18/199) with the majority living in impoverished and neglected neighborhoods in the city of Rio de Janeiro. We found a high prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 in patients with viral hepatitis before COVID-19 vaccination. This demonstrates the high exposure of this population during the period of social isolation.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , COVID-19 , Hepatite B , Hepatite C , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Masculino , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/prevenção & controle , Hepatite B/imunologia , Adulto , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem , Idoso , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , AdolescenteRESUMO
Abstract The serological markers for the diagnosis of COVID-19 plays an important role in the epidemiological investigation of the pandemic. This study aims to assess the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 in hepatitis B and C patients in a pre-vaccination of COVID-19 period. Between March 2020 and January 2021, 199 serum samples from individuals with HBsAg/HBV DNA or anti-HCV/HCV RNA positivity were tested for antibodies (IgM and IgG) against SARS-CoV-2 using Electrochemiluminescent Immunoassay (ECLIA). Among these, 50.3 % (100/199) tested positive for hepatitis C virus infection and 49.7 % (99/199) for hepatitis B virus, confirmed through molecular and serological diagnosis. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 24.1 % (48/199) in this population, with 23.23 % (23/99) hepatitis B and 25 % (25/100) hepatitis C patients tested positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2. The higher seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 (16.58 %, 33/199) was detected among those over-40 years of age and the month of November 2020 had the highest number of detections 9 % (18/199) with the majority living in impoverished and neglected neighborhoods in the city of Rio de Janeiro. We found a high prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 in patients with viral hepatitis before COVID-19 vaccination. This demonstrates the high exposure of this population during the period of social isolation.
RESUMO
Canine sporotrichosis is a poorly described global disease and a spatial approach has not yet been used to assess the disease in dogs. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the occurrence of canine sporotrichosis in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1998 to 2018 and its correlation with socioeconomic characteristics using exploratory spatial data analysis. A total of 295 cases of canine sporotrichosis were identified and 249 were georeferenced. There was a higher concentration of cases in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, as well as along the border of the city and the adjacent municipalities in the great metropolitan area. The cases occurred in areas where most of the dwellings are houses. Moreover, no focus of disease density was found in the southern part of Rio de Janeiro city over the period studied, possibly due to better socioeconomic conditions. Areas with a high concentration of canine sporotrichosis cases coincided with regions that possessed a low proportion of households without paving, suggesting that the disease is not necessarily linked to extreme poverty. The mapping of areas with a greater density of cases is fundamental to formulate targeted and strategic plans in order to implement effective public health prevention and control measures.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: A large percentage of the population has not yet started vaccination, for which the increase in coverage is almost null. METHODS: We used segmented regression analysis to estimate trends in the first dose coverage curve. RESULTS: There has been a slowdown in the application of the first doses in Brazil since epidemiological week 36 (average percent change [APC] 0.83%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-0.91%), with a trend close to stagnation. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to develop strategies to increase access to vaccination posts. Furthermore, it is recommended to expand vaccination to children, thereby increasing the eligible population.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Vacinas , Brasil/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Criança , Humanos , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Sporotrichosis is a subacute/chronic subcutaneous mycosis. Since the late 1990s, there has been a hyperendemic zoonotic transmission in the state of Rio de Janeiro, involving Sporothrix brasiliensis, the most virulent causative species, and a "belt" was described along the limits between the capital and its outskirts ("Baixada Fluminense"). This study analyzes the distribution of sporotrichosis using secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan) of the Rio de Janeiro State Health Department (SES/RJ) from 2011 to 2015 and from the INI Electronic Patient Record System (Sipec) from 2008 to 2015. Cases diagnosed since the onset of the hyperendemic exceed all previously reported case series of the disease and there is a progressive expansion in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The study suggests the spread of the mycosis to all regions of the state and the expansion of the previously described "belt", despite public health measures and changes in its profile over the years, with great social impact.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an arbovirus that, despite the existence of a safe and effective vaccine, continues to cause outbreaks of varying dimensions in the Americas and Africa. Between 2017 and 2019, Brazil registered un unprecedented sylvatic YFV outbreak whose severity was the result of its spread into zones of the Atlantic Forest with no signals of viral circulation for nearly 80 years. METHODS: To investigate the influence of climatic, environmental, and ecological factors governing the dispersion and force of infection of YFV in a naïve area such as the landscape mosaic of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), we combined the analyses of a large set of data including entomological sampling performed before and during the 2017-2019 outbreak, with the geolocation of human and nonhuman primates (NHP) and mosquito infections. RESULTS: A greater abundance of Haemagogus mosquitoes combined with lower richness and diversity of mosquito fauna increased the probability of finding a YFV-infected mosquito. Furthermore, the analysis of functional traits showed that certain functional groups, composed mainly of Aedini mosquitoes which includes Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes, are also more representative in areas where infected mosquitoes were found. Human and NHP infections were more common in two types of landscapes: large and continuous forest, capable of harboring many YFV hosts, and patches of small forest fragments, where environmental imbalance can lead to a greater density of the primary vectors and high human exposure. In both, we show that most human infections (~ 62%) occurred within an 11-km radius of the finding of an infected NHP, which is in line with the flight range of the primary vectors. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our data suggest that entomological data and landscape composition analyses may help to predict areas permissive to yellow fever outbreaks, allowing protective measures to be taken to avoid human cases.
Assuntos
Brasil , Culicidae , Surtos de Doenças , Mosquitos Vetores , Febre Amarela/transmissão , Aedes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aedes/virologia , Animais , Biodiversidade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Clima , Culicidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Culicidae/virologia , Florestas , Humanos , Mosquitos Vetores/classificação , Mosquitos Vetores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mosquitos Vetores/virologia , Fatores de Risco , Febre Amarela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Background: A large percentage of the population has not yet started vaccination, for which the increase in coverage is almost null. Methods: We used segmented regression analysis to estimate trends in the first dose coverage curve. Results: There has been a slowdown in the application of the first doses in Brazil since epidemiological week 36 (average percent change [APC] 0.83%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-0.91%), with a trend close to stagnation. Conclusions: It is important to develop strategies to increase access to vaccination posts. Furthermore, it is recommended to expand vaccination to children, thereby increasing the eligible population.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the social factors that determine the incidence of aids in the Piauí territory. Method: an ecological study that uses geoprocessing techniques in which 2,908 aids cases of individuals residing in Piauí were considered, notified to the Notifiable Disease Information System (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN), from 2007 to 2015. Gross and Bayesian incidence rates were calculated using the population of the central year (2011), multiplied by 100,000 inhabitants, with Bayesian statistics used to identify spatial clusters. The non-spatial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) and spatial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) regression models were used to identify the social determinants of the incidence of aids in the state, with 5% of significance. Results: the highest rates of the disease are concentrated in cities near the capital Teresina, with a Bayesian incidence of over 11.27 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The predictor variables of the incidence of ADIS in Piauí cities were the following: the percentage of individuals in houses with inadequate walls (p=0.0139), the mean number of residents per household (p=0.0309), and the percentage of individuals in households vulnerable to poverty and in which no one has completed elementary school (p=0.0051). Conclusion: according to GWR, the social factors that influence the incidence of aids in the cities of Piauí are the percentage of individuals in houses with inadequate walls, the mean number of residents per household, and the percentage of individuals in houses vulnerable to poverty and in which no one has completed elementary school. Given the above, interventions on the health social determinants of a structural nature should be established as effective methods for the prevention of HIV/ aids.
RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los factores sociales que determinan la incidencia del SIDA en el territorio de Piauí. Método: estudio ecológico en el que se emplearon técnicas de geoprocesamiento donde se consideraron 2.908 casos de SIDA de residentes de Piauí notificados al Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN) en el período 2007-2015. Los índices brutos y Bayesianos de incidencia se calcularon utilizando la población del año central (2011), multiplicada por 100.000 habitantes, empleándose la estadística Bayesiana para identificar agrupamientos espaciales. Se utilizaron los modelos de regresión no espacial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) y espacial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) para identificar los determinantes sociales de la incidencia del SIDA en el estado, con una significancia del 5%. Resultados: los índices más elevados de la enfermedad se concentran especialmente en municipios próximos a la capital Teresina, con incidencia Bayesiana superior a 11,27 casos/100.000 habitantes. Las variables predictoras de la incidencia del SIDA en los municipios de Piauí fueron las siguientes: porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios con paredes no adecuadas (p=0,0139), media de moradores por domicilio (p=0,0309) y porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios vulnerables a la pobreza y en los que ninguno de los moradores ha completado la educación primaria (p=0,0051). Conclusión: De acuerdo con el modelo GWR, los factores sociales que influencian la incidencia del SIDA en los municipios de Piauí son los siguientes: porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios con paredes no adecuadas, media de moradores por domicilio y porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios vulnerables a la pobreza y en los que ninguno de los moradores ha completado la educación primaria. Frente a esta situación, se deben instaurar intervenciones sobre los determinantes sociales de la salud de carácter estructural como métodos efectivos de prevención del VIH/SIDA.
RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os fatores sociais que determinam a incidência de aids no território piauiense. Método: estudo ecológico com uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento em que se considerou 2.908 casos de aids de residentes no Piauí notificados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) no período 2007-2015. As taxas de incidência brutas e bayesianas foram calculadas utilizando-se a população do ano central (2011), multiplicado por 100.000 habitantes, sendo a estatística bayesiana empregada para identificação de clusters espaciais. Os modelos de regressão não espacial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) e espacial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) foram usados para identificar os determinantes sociais da incidência de aids no estado, com significância de 5%. Resultados: as maiores taxas da doença se concentram especialmente em municípios próximos à capital Teresina, com incidência bayesiana acima de 11,27 casos/100.000 habitantes. As variáveis preditoras da incidência de aids nos municípios piauienses foram: percentual de pessoas em domicílios com paredes inadequadas (p=0,0139), média de moradores por domicílio (p=0,0309) e percentual de pessoas em domicílios vulneráveis à pobreza e em que ninguém tem ensino fundamental completo (p=0,0051). Conclusão: de acordo com o GWR, os fatores sociais que influenciam a incidência de aids nos municípios piauienses são percentual de pessoas em domicílios com paredes inadequadas, média de moradores por domicílio e percentual de pessoas em domicílios vulneráveis à pobreza e em que ninguém tem ensino fundamental completo. Diante disso, Intervenções sobre os determinantes sociais da saúde de caráter estrutural devem se fixar como métodos efetivos de prevenção do HIV/aids.
Assuntos
Humanos , Epidemiologia , Incidência , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , HIV , Mapeamento Geográfico , Análise Espacial , Determinantes Sociais da SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mortality trend of young men who were victims of traffic injuries involving motorcycles in all Brazilian capitals from 2001 to 2015. METHODS: A time-series study on all deaths of men aged 20-39 years old due to traffic injuries involving motorcycles in all 27 Brazilian capitals. We used the joinpoint regression model for temporal analysis and calculated the Annual Percent Change (APC) and Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) to verify the mortality trends. RESULTS: A total of 12,058 deaths of young men were recorded in the Brazilian capitals during the period studied. The highest mortality rates were observed in Boa Vista/Roraima (34.0/100,000 population) and Palmas/Tocantins (29.80/100,000). Twelve of the 27 capitals showed an increasing trend in mortality, with the highest percentage increase being observed in Salvador (APC: 29.0%) and São Paulo (APC: 13.1%). None of the capitals showed a decline in the trend of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the mortality of young men from traffic injuries involving motorcycles shows an increasing trend in 12 of the 27 capitals, which represents a public health problem that requires the implementation of more effective public policies.