RESUMO

A total of 120 Nellore bulls, [initial body weight (BW) = 307 ± 11.6 kg and 12 mo of age] were allocated into 12 collective pens (10 bulls per pen) in a commercial feedlot to evaluate the effects of a specific blend of tannin and saponins on enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The study was a completely randomized design, in which pens were considered the experimental units (N = 6 pens per treatment) and were randomly allocated into one of two treatments: 1) Control (CON), a basal diet with monensin supplementation (25 mg/kg dry matter [DM]; Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA), or 2) Control + a specific blend of tannin and saponins (TAN; 7 g/kg DM; composed of quebracho and chestnut tannin extracts along with carriers from cereals rich in saponins; SilvaFeed BX, Silvateam, San Michele Mondovi, CN, Italy). After the adaptation period (20 d), the experiment was divided into two phases: growing phase (21 to 53 d; total of 33 d) and fattening phase (54 to 139 d; total of 86 d). Enteric methane emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique. Interactions between treatment and period (growing vs. fattening) were detected for daily CH4 emissions, in which animals fed TAN reduced CH4 emissions by 17.3% during the fattening period compared to bulls fed CON (P = 0.05). In addition, bulls fed TAN had lower CH4 emissions expressed by dry matter intake (DMI) during the fattening period compared to bulls fed CON (P = 0.06). The findings presented herein indicate that a specific blend of tannin and saponins can be used as a strategy to reduce enteric CH4 emissions and its intensity of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot systems under tropical conditions.

RESUMO

Peanut meal has an excellent total protein content but also has low rumen undegradable protein (RUP). High-performance ruminants have high RUP requirements. We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing peanut meal with an autoclave and conventional and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose on its ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate intestinal digestibility (ID). The control treatment had a greater fraction A for DM and CP than peanut meals processed with an autoclave or conventional oven. The control had greater kd for CP compared with the microwave. The addition of xylose decreased fraction A, the degradation rate of fraction B (kd) and RUP, and increased the protein B fraction of autoclaved peanut meal. We observed a decrease in effective degradability (ED) and increased RUP for processed treatments in all experiments compared with the control. Processing methods did not affect the protein ID of autoclaved peanut meal compared to the control. An interaction between xylose and heating time was observed, where increasing heating time linearly reduced the ID of xylose-untreated treatments. Overall, these results suggest that the tested methods effectively increased the RUP content of peanut meal.

RESUMO

The ruminal kinetics of protein sources may be changed by heat and sugar treatments. Thus, these processing methods may be used as alternatives to increase beef-cattle diets' rumen undegradable protein (RUP). We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing cottonseed meals with autoclave, conventional, and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose, on the ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted, and each sample was incubated in the rumen to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were also conducted to evaluate ID. The control treatment had a greater soluble fraction for DM and CP than processed cottonseed meals (p < 0.05). The addition of xylose decreased both DM and CP water-soluble fractions (fraction A) of cottonseed meal heated in a conventional oven (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, we observed a decrease in effective degradability and increased RUP for all processed methods (p < 0.05). Furthermore, conventional and microwave ovens showed greater ID than the control. Moreover, xylose-treated groups heated in the autoclave and conventional ovens had greater ID than xylose-untreated cottonseed meal. Under these experimental conditions, cottonseed RUP was increased by the evaluated processing methods.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ingestive behavior, temperament and residual feed intake (RFI) in Nellore cattle. Sixty-two bulls and 56 heifers after weaning, housed in individual pens, were evaluated in individual performance tests. Animals were classified as low RFI (<-0.128 kg day <->1; less than mean minus 0.5 standard deviation), medium RFI (-0.128 to 0.135 kg day <->1; ±0.5 standard deviation), and high RFI ( > 0.135 kg day <->1; greater than mean plus 0.5 standard deviation). Ingestive behavior was evaluated for 24 h by direct observation, every 24 days in bulls or every 10 days in heifers. Temperament was assessed by flight speed, reactivity in mobile confinement, composite score, and serum cortisol measurement. The most efficient animals (low RFI, 5.6 kg DM day <->1) consumed 7% less feed than animals with medium efficiency (mean RFI, 6.0 kg DM day <->1) and 13% less than the least efficient animals (high RFI, 6.34 kg DM day <->1). More feed efficient animals spent a longer time feeding and ruminating per kg of DM consumed. Similarly, more efficient animals consumed less DM per hour and ruminated less DM per hour, but made the same number of visits to the feed bunk. High-efficiency animals were 13% and 35% faster to walk 1.77 m after release from the scale than medium- and low-efficiency animals, respectively, suggesting a more reactive temperament without differences in reactivity, composite score, or serum cortisol. Feed efficiency is associated with ingestive behavior and temperament in Nellore cattle. More efficient animals consume and ruminate less feed over the same period of time than animals with medium and low feed efficiency. In addition, more efficient animals exhibit a faster flight speed and are more reactive than less efficient animals.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre comportamento ingestivo, temperamento e consumo alimentar residual (CAR) em bovinos Nelore. Foram avaliados em teste de desempenho individual 62 machos (idade e peso inicial, 261 dias e 261±26,8 kg) e 56 fêmeas (idade e peso inicial, 293 dias e 207±19,2 kg), alojados em baias individuais. Os animais foram classificados como baixo CAR ( <-0,128 kg/dia; 0,5 desvio padrão abaixo da média; 19 fêmeas e 21 machos), médio CAR (-0,128 a 0,135 kg/dia; ±0,5 desvio padrão; 21 fêmeas e 21 machos), e alto CAR ( > 0,135 kg/dia; 0,5 desvio padrão acima da média; 16 fêmeas e 20 machos). O comportamento ingestivo foi avaliado a cada 24 dias (machos) ou a cada 10 dias (fêmeas), durante 24h, por meio de observações diretas. O temperamento foi avaliado pela velocidade de saída, reatividade em ambiente de contenção móvel, escore composto, e dosagem de cortisol sérico. Animais mais eficientes consumiram (baixo CAR; 5,60 kg MS/dia), em média, 7% menos alimento que os animais de média eficiência (médio CAR; 6,00 kg MS/dia) e 13% menos alimento que os animais menos eficientes (alto CAR; 6,34 kg MS/dia). Animais mais eficientes apresentaram maior tempo de alimentação por kg de matéria seca ingerida (P=0,03), assim como maior tempo de ruminação por kg de matéria seca ingerida (P<0,01). Da mesma forma, animais mais eficientes consumiram menor quantidade de matéria seca por hora (P=0,03) e ruminaram menor quantidade de matéria seca por hora (P<0,01), mas com mesma frequência de visitas ao cocho (P=0,18). Animais classificados como mais eficientes foram, em média, 13% e 35% mais rápidos (P=0,02) para percorrer 1,77 m logo após sair da balança, do que os animais de média e baixa eficiência alimentar, sugerindo temperamento mais reativo, sem diferenças nas variáveis reatividade em ambiente de contenção móvel, escore composto, e dosagem de cortisol sérico. A eficiência alimentar tem relação com comportamento ingestivo e com o...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ingestive behavior, temperament and residual feed intake (RFI) in Nellore cattle. Sixty-two bulls and 56 heifers after weaning, housed in individual pens, were evaluated in individual performance tests. Animals were classified as low RFI ( 0.135 kg day

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre comportamento ingestivo, temperamento e consumo alimentar residual (CAR) em bovinos Nelore. Foram avaliados em teste de desempenho individual 62 machos (idade e peso inicial, 261 dias e 261±26,8 kg) e 56 fêmeas (idade e peso inicial, 293 dias e 207±19,2 kg), alojados em baias individuais. Os animais foram classificados como baixo CAR ( 0,135 kg/dia; 0,5 desvio padrão acima da média; 16 fêmeas e 20 machos). O comportamento ingestivo foi avaliado a cada 24 dias (machos) ou a cada 10 dias (fêmeas), durante 24h, por meio de observações diretas. O temperamento foi avaliado pela velocidade de saída, reatividade em ambiente de contenção móvel, escore composto, e dosagem de cortisol sérico. Animais mais eficientes consumiram (baixo CAR; 5,60 kg MS/dia), em média, 7% menos alimento que os animais de média eficiência (médio CAR; 6,00 kg MS/dia) e 13% menos alimento que os animais menos eficientes (alto CAR; 6,34 kg MS/dia). Animais mais eficientes apresentaram maior tempo de alimentação por kg de matéria seca ingerida (P=0,03), assim como maior tempo de ruminação por kg de matéria seca ingerida (P<0,01). Da mesma forma, animais mais eficientes consumiram menor quantidade de matéria seca por hora (P=0,03) e ruminaram menor quantidade de matéria seca por hora (P<0,01), mas com mesma frequência de visitas ao cocho (P=0,18). Animais classificados como mais eficientes foram, em média, 13% e 35% mais rápidos (P=0,02) para percorrer 1,77 m logo após sair da balança, do que os animais de média e baixa eficiência alimentar, sugerindo temperamento mais reativo, sem diferenças nas variáveis reatividade em ambiente de contenção móvel, escore composto, e dosagem de cortisol sérico. A eficiência alimentar tem relação com comportamento ingestivo e com o...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient intake and enteric CH4 emission were evaluated in 48 Nellore cattle (392 ± 27 days of age). Equations were generated from intake data and evaluated using root mean square prediction error (RMSPE), and validated by cross-validation. Equations that included DMI and hemicellulose intake (HEMI) [ CH4(MJd−1)=4.08(±1.65)+11.6(±2.34)DMI(kgd−1)−33.4(±7.21)HEMI(kgd−1)] ; DMI and total carbohydrate intake (TCHI) [CH4(MJd−1)=5.26(±1.69)−6.3(±1.47)DMI(kgd−1)+8.8(±1.81)TCI(kgd−1)]; metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and cellulose intake (CELI) [CH4(MJd−1)=5.16(±1.72)−0.13(±0.048)MEI(MJd−1)+7.37(±1.53)CELI(kgd−1)] , and non-fiber carbohydrate intake (NFCI) [CH4(MJd−1)=3.14(±1.48)+3.65(±1.05)NFCI(kgd−1)] resulted in the lowest RMSPE (14.3, 14.1, 14.3 and 14.7%, respectively). When literature equations were evaluated using our database, the most accurate predictions were obtained with equations that included DMI and lignin intake (RMSPE = 15.27%) and MEI, acid detergent fiber intake and lignin intake (RMSPE = 15.7%). The mean error of predicting enteric CH4 emission with the equations developed in this study based on DMI and nutrient intake is 17% and the most accurate predictions are obtained with equations including DMI, carbohydrate intake and MEI.(AU)  

Assuntos

RESUMO

Dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient intake and enteric CH4 emission were evaluated in 48 Nellore cattle (392 ± 27 days of age). Equations were generated from intake data and evaluated using root mean square prediction error (RMSPE), and validated by cross-validation. Equations that included DMI and hemicellulose intake (HEMI) [ CH4(MJd−1)=4.08(±1.65)+11.6(±2.34)DMI(kgd−1)−33.4(±7.21)HEMI(kgd−1)] ; DMI and total carbohydrate intake (TCHI) [CH4(MJd−1)=5.26(±1.69)−6.3(±1.47)DMI(kgd−1)+8.8(±1.81)TCI(kgd−1)]; metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and cellulose intake (CELI) [CH4(MJd−1)=5.16(±1.72)−0.13(±0.048)MEI(MJd−1)+7.37(±1.53)CELI(kgd−1)] , and non-fiber carbohydrate intake (NFCI) [CH4(MJd−1)=3.14(±1.48)+3.65(±1.05)NFCI(kgd−1)] resulted in the lowest RMSPE (14.3, 14.1, 14.3 and 14.7%, respectively). When literature equations were evaluated using our database, the most accurate predictions were obtained with equations that included DMI and lignin intake (RMSPE = 15.27%) and MEI, acid detergent fiber intake and lignin intake (RMSPE = 15.7%). The mean error of predicting enteric CH4 emission with the equations developed in this study based on DMI and nutrient intake is 17% and the most accurate predictions are obtained with equations including DMI, carbohydrate intake and MEI.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective was to evaluate the emission of enteric methane by Nellore cattle subjected to different nutritional plans, as well as the intake and digestibility of nutrients from the diets supplied. Forty-seven animals in a confinement system (feedlot) were fed a corn silage-based diet for 35 days. Afterwards, these animals were evaluated in a grazing system during the rainy periods, in Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu paddocks, for 44 days. Chromic oxide was used as external marker to estimate the fecal production of animals. Samples of feces, ingredients, and pasture were collected and sampled for subsequent chemical analyses. The SF6 tracer gas technique was adopted to quantify the methane gas emitted by the animals. The experimental design was completely randomized, using procedure GLM of software SAS (9.2), including the fixed effects of sex and nutritional plan and the linear effect of the co-variable weights. Means were analyzed by Tukey's test at 5 % probability. The intakes of total dry matter and organic matter were greater for the animals subjected to the feedlot diet (P < 0.05). In this treatment, the animals showed greater dry matter digestibility, whereas the organic matter digestibility was lower (P < 0.05). The digestibility of the dry matter was higher in confinement, whereas the digestibility of the organic matter was lower in this treatment (P < 0.05). Emission of CH4/day (104.01 g) by the animals fed the feedlot diet (P < 0.05) was greater, but the loss of consumed energy for methane production (CH4/CEB) and methane emission per dry matter consumed were lower in relation to the grazing treatment (3.75 vs 4.23 % and 11.67 vs 15.71 g/kg). The better quality of the diet in the feedlot promoted lower energy losses as methane.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Studies have shown associations between temperament traits and productivity on cattle industry, some results indicate that animals which adapt easily are less agitated, therefore there will be fewer losses in carcass due to the low incidence of hematomas and higher weight gain. The objective of this study was to associate the average daily gain in Caracu animals, subject to performance test (PT), with reactivity measured by flight speed test. The average daily gain was divided in three classes, considering 0.5 standard deviation below and above the average. The average gain classes 1, 2 and 3 was 1158.55 ± 89.48, 957.14 ± 54.77, 620.88 ± 127.41 g/day, respectively. The flight speed test (FS) measures how long the animal takes to cover a known distance after the release of the squeeze chute. Faster animals were considered more reactive. The study was performed at Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte from Instituto de Zootecnia-Sertãozinho, SP, in which were used 109 flight speed records, of 56 animals, obtained in the beginning and at the end of PT. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED (SAS 9.3). The model of analyses included the fixed effects of average daily gain classes (1, 2 and 3) and measures (1 and 2), besides the random-effects of animal and residue. The interaction classes measures, even as age as covariate, were excluded from the initial model, because they didnt show sig

ês.

RESUMO

Studies have shown associations between temperament traits and productivity on cattle industry, some results indicate that animals which adapt easily are less agitated, therefore there will be fewer losses in carcass due to the low incidence of hematomas and higher weight gain. The objective of this study was to associate the average daily gain in Caracu animals, subject to performance test (PT), with reactivity measured by flight speed test. The average daily gain was divided in three classes, considering 0.5 standard deviation below and above the average. The average gain classes 1, 2 and 3 was 1158.55 ± 89.48, 957.14 ± 54.77, 620.88 ± 127.41 g/day, respectively. The flight speed test (FS) measures how long the animal takes to cover a known distance after the release of the squeeze chute. Faster animals were considered more reactive. The study was performed at Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte from Instituto de Zootecnia-Sertãozinho, SP, in which were used 109 flight speed records, of 56 animals, obtained in the beginning and at the end of PT. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED (SAS 9.3). The model of analyses included the fixed effects of average daily gain classes (1, 2 and 3) and measures (1 and 2), besides the random-effects of animal and residue. The interaction classes measures, even as age as covariate, were excluded from the initial model, because they didnt show sig

ês.