RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of environmental enrichment on the thermoregulatory and behavioral responses of goats raised in semi-arid conditions. 12 Saanen goats lactating, aged between 2 and 4 years, clinically healthy with a mean body weight of 31.4 ± 1.65 kg and body condition score between 2.0 and 2.5 were used. The types of enriched environments used were: 1) without environmental enrichment (control); 2) classical music;3) PET plastic bottles with corn;4) suspended tires;5) logs of wood; and 6) all objects simultaneously. The air temperature, black globe tempeature and humidity index, and radiant heat load were higher (P < 0.05) during treatment with all objects simultaneously. The respiratory rate (RR) was higher (P = 0.001) in the control treatment compared to those with environmental enrichment. The rectal temperature (RT) was higher in the control and acoustic groups (P < 0.05), however it was lower with all objects. The coat surface temperature (CST) was higher (P < 0.01) in the control group and lower in the treatment with music, tires, logs of wood, PET bottles and all objects. The behaviors lying down, drinking water, urination, ruminating while standing, and defecating were similar (P > 0.05) between treatments. The first two discriminant functions were significant (F1 and F2: P < 0.001) and discriminated 93.40% of the data variation. A static pattern was observed in the classification of goats in their group of origin for thermoregulatory and behavioral responses when a single type of enrichment was used with the formation of two more groups: (i) goats which had access to all enrichments simultaneously; and (ii) the control group. The offer of the diversity of various objects for environmental enrichment positively contributed to the thermoregulatory and behavioral responses, thereby providing well-being to the animals.
Assuntos
Regulação da Temperatura Corporal , Lactação , Animais , Feminino , Cabras/fisiologia , Umidade , TemperaturaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to understand and discuss the relationships of the thermal environment, morphophysiological response, performance, and carcass traits of Brahman bulls from weaning at 18 months exposed to grazing conditions based on the physiological and evolutionary rationale behind the different proposals for the thermal adaptation of zebu cattle. Fifty-three uncastrated and clinically healthy bulls with birth and weaning weight of 34.0 ± 3.32 kg and 215.5 ± 44.75 kg, respectively, were evaluated. Fifteen canonical correlations were estimated, but only six were significant: thermal environment × thermoregulatory responses (rc = 0.4635; P = 0.0413); thermal environment × performance (rc = 0.4338; P = 0.0218); thermoregulatory responses × performance (rc = 0.5119; P = 0.0071); hair coat characteristics × performance (rc = 0.4939; P = 0.0273); hormone × carcass traits (rc = 0.5408; P = 0.0698); and performance × carcass traits (rc = 0.9644; P < 0.0001). Thermal environment, thermoregulatory responses and hair coat morphology influence of 18.81%, 21.49% and 24.40%, respectively, were found in the performance. We also concluded that (i) rectal temperature (RT) is a homoeothermic indicator; (ii) sweating rate (SR) is an important heat dissipation mechanism to explain the adaptation of zebu animals in the tropics and is related to weight at 550 days (W550); (iii) coat morphology, especially length (HL), diameter (HD) and hair density (ND) are related to animal performance; and (iv) hormonal profile, mainly T4, influences the carcass traits (yield, weight, subcutaneous fat and marble meat).
Assuntos
Bovinos , Pelo Animal , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal , Brasil , Bovinos/anatomia & histologia , Bovinos/sangue , Bovinos/fisiologia , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Masculino , Temperatura , Tiroxina/sangue , Tri-Iodotironina/sangue , Clima TropicalRESUMO
This study had the following objectives: (i) to evaluate the thermoregulatory and behavioral responses of light laying hens supplemented with different types and dosages of phytases in the two day shifts; and (ii) to integrate the thermoregulatory and behavioral responses with performance of these birds raised in a hot environment. 270 light laying hens of the Hy-Line White lineage, with a body weight of 1.60 ± 0.092 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial model with two types of phytases (bacterial and fungal) and two dosages (450 and 900 FTU), and a control diet. The day shift (morning and afternoon) was considered as a fixed effect in the factorial arrangement. Principal component analysis (PCA), correspondence analysis (CA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) were used. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between phytases and dosages for thermoregulatory responses. Respiratory rate (RR), cloacal temperature (CT), and surface temperature with feathers (STWF) and featherless (STF) were higher (P < 0.001) in the afternoon. Birds show different thermoregulatory and behavioral responses in the two shifts of the day. We also observed that birds supplemented with bacterial and fungal phytase showed similar thermoregulatory and behavioral responses to the control group in both day shifts. Expression of the "eating" activity was greater in the morning, while the birds remained sitting longer in the afternoon. Egg production was higher (P < 0.001) in birds supplemented with bacterial phytase. The phytase dosages had no effect on thermoregulatory, behavioral or performance responses. Egg production, feed conversion per dozen eggs corresponded to 81.1% of the differences between bacterial and fungal phytase supplementation and group control. Thus, we conclude that: (i) phytase dietary supplementation has no effect on the thermoregulatory responses of laying hens reared in a hot environment; (ii) birds supplemented with bacterial phytase showed higher egg production; and (iii) phytases (450 and 900 FTU) do not interfere with productive, behavioral and thermoregulatory responses.
Assuntos
6-Fitase/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Galinhas/fisiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Animais , Feminino , Temperatura Alta , Oviposição/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
SUMMARY This study analyse ruminal degradation the technique of the nylon bags of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) and the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein (RUP) by the method of the three stages of raw and roasted soybeans at different temperatures with and without The in situ ruminal degradation were weighed five grams of natural matter in nylon bags incubated 2; 4;8; 16; 24 and 48 hours. Zero time was made the same procedure, except ruminal incubation. The residue of treatment formed a composite sample to determine the DM and CP. The intestinal digestibility was in situ incubation for 16 hours, using the technique of the three stages. The degradability of DM at a passage rate of 5 % / hour, for raw soybean (RS), was 71.94 % and roasted between 52.23 % and 68.78 %. After 16 hours of incubation(RUP) ranged from 32.12 to 67.72% and the intestinal digestibility of 73.21% to 86.02 %. The lowest degradation of DM and CP was in the roasted soybeans at 145ºC for one minute with steeping (STC1). The in vitro intestinal digestibility of raw grains was higher and differed from the toasted, except for the ones toasted at 115 ºC for four minutes with steeping. For STC1, was obtained the lowest protein degradation of 67.72 % RUP, which 52.33 %, more when compare to RS. The toast of soybeans at 145 ºC (STC1) contributed to a lower ruminal degradability of crude protein.
RESUMO Objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos térmicos, tempos e procedimentos na degradação ruminal de grãos de soja crus e tostados e sua ação na digestão intestinal da proteína não degradada no rúmen (PNDR) pelo método dos três estágios. Para a degradação ruminal in situ foram pesados cinco gramas de matéria natural em sacos de náilon incubados durante 2; 4; 8; 16; 24 e 48 horas. No tempo zero foi efetuado o mesmo procedimento, excetuando a incubação ruminal. Os resíduos de cada tratamento formaram uma amostra composta para determinar a matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB). Para a digestibilidade intestinal realizou-se a incubação in situ por 16 horas, usando a técnica dos três estágios. A degradabilidade efetiva da MS com taxa de passagem de 5%/hora para a soja crua (SC) foi de 71,94% e tostada entre 52,23% a 68,78%. Após 16 horas de incubação a PNDR variou de 32,12 a 67,72% e a digestibilidade intestinal de 73,21% a 86,02%. A menor degradação da MS e PB foi da soja tostada a 145°C durante um minuto com steeping (STC1). A digestibilidade intestinal in vitro dos grãos crus foi superior e diferiu dos tostados, exceto a soja tostada a 115°C durante quatro minutos com steeping. A menor degradação proteica foi obtida da STC1de 67,72% da PNDR,52,33% a mais do que à SC. A tostagem dos grãos de soja a 145°C(STC1)contribuiu para uma menor degradabilidade ruminal da proteína bruta.
RESUMO
SUMMARY This study analyse ruminal degradation the technique of the nylon bags of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) and the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein (RUP) by the method of the three stages of raw and roasted soybeans at different temperatures with and without The in situ ruminal degradation were weighed five grams of natural matter in nylon bags incubated 2; 4;8; 16; 24 and 48 hours. Zero time was made the same procedure, except ruminal incubation. The residue of treatment formed a composite sample to determine the DM and CP. The intestinal digestibility was in situ incubation for 16 hours, using the technique of the three stages. The degradability of DM at a passage rate of 5 % / hour, for raw soybean (RS), was 71.94 % and roasted between 52.23 % and 68.78 %. After 16 hours of incubation(RUP) ranged from 32.12 to 67.72% and the intestinal digestibility of 73.21% to 86.02 %. The lowest degradation of DM and CP was in the roasted soybeans at 145ºC for one minute with steeping (STC1). The in vitro intestinal digestibility of raw grains was higher and differed from the toasted, except for the ones toasted at 115 ºC for four minutes with steeping. For STC1, was obtained the lowest protein degradation of 67.72 % RUP, which 52.33 %, more when compare to RS. The toast of soybeans at 145 ºC (STC1) contributed to a lower ruminal degradability of crude protein.
RESUMO Objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos térmicos, tempos e procedimentos na degradação ruminal de grãos de soja crus e tostados e sua ação na digestão intestinal da proteína não degradada no rúmen (PNDR) pelo método dos três estágios. Para a degradação ruminal in situ foram pesados cinco gramas de matéria natural em sacos de náilon incubados durante 2; 4; 8; 16; 24 e 48 horas. No tempo zero foi efetuado o mesmo procedimento, excetuando a incubação ruminal. Os resíduos de cada tratamento formaram uma amostra composta para determinar a matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB). Para a digestibilidade intestinal realizou-se a incubação in situ por 16 horas, usando a técnica dos três estágios. A degradabilidade efetiva da MS com taxa de passagem de 5%/hora para a soja crua (SC) foi de 71,94% e tostada entre 52,23% a 68,78%. Após 16 horas de incubação a PNDR variou de 32,12 a 67,72% e a digestibilidade intestinal de 73,21% a 86,02%. A menor degradação da MS e PB foi da soja tostada a 145°C durante um minuto com steeping (STC1). A digestibilidade intestinal in vitro dos grãos crus foi superior e diferiu dos tostados, exceto a soja tostada a 115°C durante quatro minutos com steeping. A menor degradação proteica foi obtida da STC1de 67,72% da PNDR,52,33% a mais do que à SC. A tostagem dos grãos de soja a 145°C(STC1)contribuiu para uma menor degradabilidade ruminal da proteína bruta.
RESUMO
This experiment evaluated the effect of genetic group and slaughter weight on rib eye area, tissue and centesimal composition of the 12th rib. Were used lambs Santa Ines, ½ Ile de France x ½ Santa Ines and ½ Texel x ½ Santa Ines lambs, slaughtered at different weights (35 and 45kg). After cooling at 4°C for 24 h, the 12th rib was removed for tissue and centesimal. The experiment was in a 3 (genetic group) x 2 (sex) x 2 (slaughter weight) factorial design and analyzed using Correlation and Duncan 0.05 means test in SAS®. Texel x Santa Ines animals had the best potential for quality traits of the 12th rib, with earlier finishing for slaughter. The lambs slaughtered at 35kg had lowest fat and highest edible proportion, this being the recommended slaughter weight.
Objetivou-se com o presente experimento, avaliar o efeito do grupo genético e do peso de abate sobre a área de olho de lombo, composição tecidual e centesimal da 12ª costela. Utilizaram-se cordeiros Santa Inês, ½ Ile de France x ½ Santa Inês e ½ Texel x ½ Santa Inês, abatidos com diferentes pesos (35 e 45kg). Após o resfriamento da carcaça a 4°C durante 24 h, a 12ª costela foi removida para mensuração da composição tecidual e centesimal. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento fatorial 3 (grupo genético) x 2 (sexo) x 2 (peso de abate) e analisado pelo softwareSAS®, utilizando-se o teste Duncan para comparação de médias e realizada correlação a 0,05 significância. Animais Texel x Santa Inês apresentam melhor potencial para característica de qualidade da 12ª costela, com acabamento mais precoce para o abate. Os cordeiros abatidos aos 35kg apresentam menor teor de gordura e maior proporção comestível, sendo este o peso recomendado ao abate.
RESUMO
This experiment evaluated the effect of genetic group and slaughter weight on rib eye area, tissue and centesimal composition of the 12th rib. Were used lambs Santa Ines, ½ Ile de France x ½ Santa Ines and ½ Texel x ½ Santa Ines lambs, slaughtered at different weights (35 and 45kg). After cooling at 4°C for 24 h, the 12th rib was removed for tissue and centesimal. The experiment was in a 3 (genetic group) x 2 (sex) x 2 (slaughter weight) factorial design and analyzed using Correlation and Duncan 0.05 means test in SAS®. Texel x Santa Ines animals had the best potential for quality traits of the 12th rib, with earlier finishing for slaughter. The lambs slaughtered at 35kg had lowest fat and highest edible proportion, this being the recommended slaughter weight.
Objetivou-se com o presente experimento, avaliar o efeito do grupo genético e do peso de abate sobre a área de olho de lombo, composição tecidual e centesimal da 12ª costela. Utilizaram-se cordeiros Santa Inês, ½ Ile de France x ½ Santa Inês e ½ Texel x ½ Santa Inês, abatidos com diferentes pesos (35 e 45kg). Após o resfriamento da carcaça a 4°C durante 24 h, a 12ª costela foi removida para mensuração da composição tecidual e centesimal. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento fatorial 3 (grupo genético) x 2 (sexo) x 2 (peso de abate) e analisado pelo softwareSAS®, utilizando-se o teste Duncan para comparação de médias e realizada correlação a 0,05 significância. Animais Texel x Santa Inês apresentam melhor potencial para característica de qualidade da 12ª costela, com acabamento mais precoce para o abate. Os cordeiros abatidos aos 35kg apresentam menor teor de gordura e maior proporção comestível, sendo este o peso recomendado ao abate.
RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the performance and economic viability of the diet of dairy goats in different weaning periods. 24 Saanen male and female goats were distributed according to the treatments (50, 60 and 70 weaning days). Animals at birth remained with their mothers for five days to suckle colostrum, after this period, animals were given one liter goat milk twice daily until weaning. The following variables were evaluated: intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and birth weight (PD), weaning weight (PD), average daily gain (GMD) and total weight gain (GPT). The experimental design was completely randomized. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and mean values were compared by the Duncan test at 5%. Animals weaned at 70 days of age showed higher intake of all nutrients compared with 50 and 60 days. PD, GMD GPT were different between all treatments. The highest feed cost (R$900.25) was found when animals were weaned at 70 days of age, representing an increase of 49.3% and 23.8% compared with animals weaned at 50 and 60 days, respectively. The weaning at 50 days of age results in lower feed cost and greater incentive to eat solid food, enabling the producer to direct greater amounts of milk to the market.
Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a viabilidade econômica da dieta de cabritos leiteiros em diferentes períodos de desmame. Foram utilizados 24 cabritos da raça Saanen, machos e fêmeas distribuídos de acordo com os tratamentos (50, 60 e 70) dias de desmame. Os animais, ao nascer, permaneciam com as suas mães durante cinco dias para mamar o colostro e, após foi fornecido um litro de leite de cabra duas vezes ao dia até o desmame. Avaliou-se o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), peso ao nascer (PN), peso ao desmame (PD), ganho médio diário (GMD) e ganho de peso total (GPT). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e os valores médios foram comparados pelo teste de Duncan a 5%. Os animais desmamados aos 70 dias apresentaram maior consumo de todos os nutrientes comparados aos 50 e 60 dias. Diferiu entre todos os tratamentos o PD, GMD e GPT. Verificaram-se maiores custos com alimentação de R$900,25 no desmame aos 70 dias, representando um acréscimo de 49,3% e 23,8% em comparação aos cabritos desmamados aos 50 e 60 dias, respectivamente. O desmame aos 50 dias de idade resulta em menor custo de alimentação e maior incentivo à ingestão de alimentos sólidos, possibilitando ao produtor direcionar maiores quantidades de leite ao mercado.
RESUMO
This work aimed to determine the nutrient intake and quantitative aspects of sheep carcass from three different genetic groups. Eighteen animals with initial average body weight of 20.1kg were used in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 3x2 scheme (three different crossbreeds - 6 F1Dorper x non defined breed, 6 F1Somalis x non defined breed and 6 F1Santa Inês x non defined breed versus two diets). The diets fed to the animals were formulated with or without cashew nuts. The inclusion of cashew nut meal in the diet influenced nutrient intake. Differences of intake among the animal groups were observed as higher intake for F1Dorper x non defined breed (NDB), followed by F1Somalis x NDB and for F1Santa Inês x NDB. However, the control diet produced no difference among these genotypes. The average daily gain was lower for both crossbreeds when cashew nut meal was added in the diets. The evaluated crossbreeds and diets did not affect the feed:gain ratio. The carcasses analyses showed that the inclusion of cashew nut meal in the diets reduced the cold carcass weight and the rib weight. The addition of cashew nut meal in the diets for lambs reduces food intake and carcass yield. The crossbreed F1Dorper x NDB presented the higher rate of average daily gain.
Objetivou-se determinar o consumo de nutrientes e os aspectos quantitativos da carcaça de ovinos de diferentes grupos genéticos com dietas com ou sem farelo de castanha de caju. Foram usados dezoito ovinos com peso inicial médio de 20,1kg em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três cruzamentos e duas dietas diferentes). A inclusão do farelo de castanha de caju influenciou (P 0,05) o consumo de nutrientes. Diferenças de consumo entre as raças resultaram em maior consumo para os animais mestiços Dorper x sem padrão racial definido (SPRD), seguidos pelos mestiços Somalis x SPDR e pelos mestiços Santa Inês x SPRD. No entanto, não houve diferenças entre os genótipos em relação à dieta controle. O ganho de peso médio diário foi menor para as raças a cuja dieta foi adicionado farelo de castanha de caju. Os diferentes cruzamentos e as dietas não afetaram a conversão alimentar. A inclusão de farelo de castanha de caju nas dietas reduziu o peso de carcaça fria, bem como o peso das costelas. A adição de farelo de castanha de caju diminui o consumo de alimentos e o rendimento de carcaça. Entre os cruzamentos avaliados neste estudo, os ovinos mestiços Dorper x SPRD apresentam maior taxa de ganho de peso médio diário.
RESUMO
Objetivou-se determinar o consumo de nutrientes e os aspectos quantitativos da carcaça de ovinos de diferentes grupos genéticos com dietas com ou sem farelo de castanha de caju. Foram usados dezoito ovinos com peso inicial médio de 20,1kg em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três cruzamentos e duas dietas diferentes). A inclusão do farelo de castanha de caju influenciou (P
This work aimed to determine the nutrient intake and quantitative aspects of sheep carcass from three different genetic groups. Eighteen animals with initial average body weight of 20.1kg were used in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 3x2 scheme (three different crossbreeds 6 F1Dorper x non defined breed, 6 F1Somalis x non defined breed and 6 F1Santa Inês x non defined breed versus two diets). The diets fed to the animals were formulated with or without cashew nuts. The inclusion of cashew nut meal in the diet influenced nutrient intake. Differences of intake among the animal groups were observed as higher intake for F1Dorper x non defined breed (NDB), followed by F1Somalis x NDB and for F1Santa Inês x NDB. However, the control diet produced no difference among these genotypes. The average daily gain was lower for both crossbreeds when cashew nut meal was added in the diets. The evaluated crossbreeds and diets did not affect the feed:gain ratio. The carcasses analyses showed that the inclusion of cashew nut meal in the diets reduced the cold carcass weight and the rib weight. The addition of cashew nut meal in the diets for lambs reduces food intake and carcass yield. The crossbreed F1Dorper x NDB presented the higher rate of average daily gain.