RESUMO

Western hemisphere goats have European, African and Central Asian origins, and some local or rare breeds are reported to be adapted to their environments and economically important. By-in-large these genetic resources have not been quantified. Using 50 K SNP genotypes of 244 animals from 12 goat populations in United States, Costa Rica, Brazil and Argentina, we evaluated the genetic diversity, population structure and selective sweeps documenting goat migration to the "New World". Our findings suggest the concept of breed, particularly among "locally adapted" breeds, is not a meaningful way to characterize goat populations. The USA Spanish goats were found to be an important genetic reservoir, sharing genomic composition with the wild ancestor and with specialized breeds (e.g. Angora, Lamancha and Saanen). Results suggest goats in the Americas have substantial genetic diversity to use in selection and promote environmental adaptation or product driven specialization. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining goat conservation programs and suggest an awaiting reservoir of genetic diversity for breeding and research while simultaneously discarding concerns about breed designations.

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RESUMO

Abstract Background: The lack of information on population structure is one of the main obstacles to develop breeding and conservation programs for animal genetic resources. Objective: To characterize the population structure of Crioula Lageana cattle breed (Bos taurus) in order to assess its genetic diversity. Methods: Database with information of 1,638 Crioula Lageana animals, collected during 38 years, was analysed using the ENDOG v.4.4 program. Results: Effective population size ranged from 72.53 in complete generations to 143.90 in maximum generations. Inbreeding and Average Relatedness coefficients were 0.34 and 0.91%, respectively. The effective number of founders and ancestors were 29 and 28 animals, respectively, and only ten ancestors were responsible for 50% of the genetic variability of the whole population. The average generation interval was 5.84 years in the paternal line and 7.70 in the maternal one. Wright´s F statistics indicated low genetic distances between subsets in relation to the total population (Fst = 0.0015), between individuals with respect to their subpopulation (Fis = -0.0027), and between individuals in relation to the total population (Fit = -0.0012). Conclusion: Analysis of the population indicated that, despite the small number of animals with known parentage and considerable loss of genetic variability by the constant use of a few sires, and same value of number of founders and ancestors, the population showed good genetic management, low inbreeding, low genetic differentiation among subpopulations, and probably adequate effective population size for breed preservation.

Resumen Antecedentes: La falta de información sobre estructura poblacional es una de las principales barreras para el desarrollo de programas de mejoramiento genético y conservación de los recursos zoogenéticos. Objetivo: Caracterizar la estructura poblacional de la raza bovina Crioula Lageana (Bos taurus) para evaluar su diversidad genética. Métodos: Una base de datos con información de 1.638 animales Crioula Lageana (Bos taurus), recogidos durante 38 años, fue analizada utilizando el programa ENDOG v.4.4. Resultados: El tamaño efectivo de la población varió de 72,53 en las generaciones completas a 143,90 en las generaciones máximas. La endogamia y la relación media de los coeficientes fue 0,34 y 0,91%, respectivamente. El número efectivo de fundadores y antepasados fue de 29 y 28 animales respectivamente, y sólo diez antepasados fueron responsables del 50% de la variabilidad genética de la población. El intervalo promedio de generación fue de 5,84 años en la línea paterna y de 7,70 en la línea materna. El índice estadístico de Wright's F indica una baja distancia genética entre los subconjuntos en relación con la población total (Fst = 0,0015), entre los individuos con respecto a su subpoblación (Fis = -0,0027), y entre los individuos en relación con la población total (Fit = -0,0012). Conclusión: El análisis de la población indica que a pesar del pequeño número de animales con origen conocido y la considerable pérdida de variabilidad genética por el uso constante de pocos toros y el mismo valor del número de fundadores y antepasados, la población mostró un buen manejo genético, baja endogamia, baja diferenciación genética entre las subpoblaciones y probablemente un tamaño efectivo adecuado de la población.

Resumo Antecedentes: A falta de informações sobre a estrutura da população está entre os principais obstáculos ao desenvolvimento de programas de melhoramento e conservação de recursos genéticos animais. Objetivo: Caracterizar a estrutura populacional da raça bovina Crioula Lageana (Bos taurus) para acessar a diversidade genética da raça. Métodos: Banco de dados com informação de 1.638 animais Crioula Lageana, recolhidos durante 38 anos, foi analisado utilizando EndoG v.4.4. Resultados: O tamanho efetivo populacional variou de 72,53 nas gerações completas para 143,90 nas gerações máximas. Coeficientes de Endogamia e Relação foram 0,34 e 0,91%, respectivamente. O número efetivo de fundadores e ancestrais foram 29 e 28 animais, respectivamente, sendo que apenas dez ancestrais foram responsáveis por 50% da variabilidade genética de toda a população. O intervalo de gerações foi de 5,84 anos para linha paterna e 7,70 para linha materna. As estatísticas F de Wright indicaram uma pequena distância genética das subpopulacoes entre os subgrupos em relação à população total (FST = 0,0015), entre os indivíduos em relação à sua subpopulação (FIS = -0,0027) e entre indivíduos em relação à população total (Fit = -0,0012). Isto indica uma baixa diferenciação genética na população estudada. Conclusão: A análise populacional indicou que, apesar do número pequeno de animais com ascendência conhecida e considerável perda de variabilidade genética pelo uso constante de alguns touros e mesmo valor do número de fundadores e antepassados, a população mostrou boa gestão genética, endogamia baixa, baixa diferenciação genética entre subpopulações e provavelmente adequado tamanho efetivo da população para a preservação da raça.

RESUMO

The first horses were brought to Brazil by the colonizers after 1534. Over the centuries, these animals evolved and adapted to local environmental conditions usually unsuitable for exotic breeds, thereby originating locally adapted Brazilian breeds. The present work represents the first description of maternal genetic diversity in these horse breeds based on D-loop sequences. A D-Loop HSV-I fragment of 252 bp, from 141 horses belonging to ten Brazilian breeds / genetic groups (locally adapted and specialized breeds) were analysed. Thirty-five different haplotypes belonging to 18 haplogroups were identified with 33 polymorphic sites. Haplotype diversity (varying from 0.20 to 0.96) and nucleotide diversity (varying from 0.0039 to 0.0239) was lower for locally adapted than for specialized breeds, with the same pattern observed for FST values. Haplogroups identified in Brazilian breeds are in agreement with previous findings in South American samples. The low variability observed mainly in locally adapted breeds, indicates that, to ensure conservation of these breeds, careful reproductive management is needed. Additional genetic characterization studies are required to support accurate decision-making.

RESUMO

Abstract The first horses were brought to Brazil by the colonizers after 1534. Over the centuries, these animals evolved and adapted to local environmental conditions usually unsuitable for exotic breeds, thereby originating locally adapted Brazilian breeds. The present work represents the first description of maternal genetic diversity in these horse breeds based on D-loop sequences. A D-Loop HSV-I fragment of 252 bp, from 141 horses belonging to ten Brazilian breeds / genetic groups (locally adapted and specialized breeds) were analysed. Thirty-five different haplotypes belonging to 18 haplogroups were identified with 33 polymorphic sites. Haplotype diversity (varying from 0.20 to 0.96) and nucleotide diversity (varying from 0.0039 to 0.0239) was lower for locally adapted than for specialized breeds, with the same pattern observed for FST values. Haplogroups identified in Brazilian breeds are in agreement with previous findings in South American samples. The low variability observed mainly in locally adapted breeds, indicates that, to ensure conservation of these breeds, careful reproductive management is needed. Additional genetic characterization studies are required to support accurate decision-making.

RESUMO

Genetic diversity is one of the most important issues in studies on conservation of cattle breeds and endangered species. The objective of this study was to estimate the levels of genetic differentiation between locally adapted taurine (Bos taurus taurus) and zebu (Bos taurus indicus) breeds in Brazil, which were genotyped for more than 777,000 SNPs. The fixation index (F ST), principal component analysis (PCA), and Bayesian clustering were estimated. The F ST highlighted genetic differentiation between taurine and zebu breeds. The taurine lines, Caracu and Caracu Caldeano, had significant genetic differentiation (F ST close to 5%) despite their recent selection for different uses (meat and milk). This genetic variability can be used for conservation of locally adapted animals, as well as for breeding programs on zebu breeds. Introgression of zebu in locally adapted breeds was identified, especially in Curraleiro Pé-Duro breed. The Gyr breed, however, had low breed purity at genomic level due to its very heterogeneous mixing pattern.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate hormone and energy profiles in the postpartum period and to correlate these profiles with the resumption of ovarian cyclicity, as well as characterizing the postpartum short estrous cycle of Curraleiro Pé-Duro cows. Twelve Curraleiro Pé-Duro cows were examined via rectal palpation and ultrasound at 10 days postpartum, and subsequently examined daily to evaluate the resumption of ovarian cyclicity as well as every five days in order to evaluate uterine involution. Upon analysis of the data, it was possible to observe the formation of two distinct groups, one of which was comprised of those animals which returned to cyclicity within 60 days postpartum and another comprised of those animals which returned to cyclicity more than 105 days postpartum. Therefore, animals were divided into two groups; precocious, designated Ov Group, and delayed, designated NOv Group, wherein the cut-off time for all tests was 60 days postpartum. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) between the groups occurred only regarding the day of 1st ovulation, which in the Ov Group averaged 51.4 ± 9.3 days and in the NOv Group averaged 138.3 ± 19.8 days postpartum. The other postpartum short estrous cycle variables assessed did not show statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) between the groups. NEFA, BHBA and thyroxine concentration levels did not differ (P > 0.05) between the groups in any of the statistical analyses. However, in the analysis comparing growth curves, triglycerides levels were higher for the Ov Group (P = 0.04) and cholesterol levels were higher for the NOv Group (P = 0.02). In this experiment, a small influence of a negative energy balance between the groups was observed, suggesting that these animals can present significant genetic variability due to natural selection, as evidenced by the formation of groups of animals with precocious and delayed reproductive characteristics.

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RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to conduct the inventory of goat breed Gurgueia in the state of Piauí, Northeast region of Brazil. The inventory includes a historical survey - made by searching in the literature - and a population survey - made by gathering in loco information. The geographic location through GPS was taken in farms sheltering Gurgueia goats and then individuals Gurgueia were counted to estimate population size and classifying the risk of extinction. To characterize the Gurgueia breed, the presence of beard, horns, earrings, patterns of color roan, agouti and brown, and the presence of reduced ear were observed to perform simple descriptive analysis. The regional literature demonstrates lack of consistency about the origin of the Gurgueia breed. However, flocks of goats in the Gurgueia river valley, in Southern Piauí, gave origin to the breed denomination. The present study found out 119 Gurgueia individuals scattered in three micro-regions - classifying the Gurgueia breed as critically endangered. The morphological analysis shows low frequency of earrings (0,05) and high frequency of horn (0.95) in Gurgéia individuals. The beard frequency was 0.52 and was verified absence of long hairs, indicating no relationship between those. The analysis showed high frequency of roan pattern (0.96), absence of brown and single coat pattern (non-agouti). Reduced ear was absent.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar o inventário do ecótipo Gurgueia no Estado do Piauí, na região Nordeste do Brasil. O inventário compreendeu o levantamento histórico, com busca em literaturas, e o populacional feito a partir de visitas in loco nos rebanhos. Foi tomado em cada rebanho a localização geográfica por meio o por GPS e contagem dos animais com padrão fenotípico Gurgueia para classifica-la quanto ao risco de extinção. Observou-se a presença dos caracteres barba, chifres, brincos, os padrões de cor ruão, agouti e chocolate, e a presença de orelha reduzida que foram submetidos à análise descritivas simples. A literatura regional consultada não apresentou consistência sobre a origem do caprino Gurgueia no Piauí, mas indicaram que rebanhos instalados no vale do rio Gurgueia no Sul do Piauí, deram origem aos hoje classificados como Gurgueia. No estudo, houve a confirmação de poucos exemplares, apenas 119, dispersos em três microrregiões revelando que grupo genético Gurgueia está em situação crítica de desaparecimento. Nestes animais, observa-se alta frequência da ausência de brincos e do caráter presença de chifre (0,95). A frequência de barba foi de 0,52 e não houve ocorrência de pelos longos, indicando ausência da relação entre esses caracteres. O caráter ruão (0,96), a pelagem chocolate e padrão não-agouti (cor única) não estiveram presentes assim como a presença(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to conduct the inventory of goat breed Gurgueia in the state of Piauí, Northeast region of Brazil. The inventory includes a historical survey - made by searching in the literature - and a population survey - made by gathering in loco information. The geographic location through GPS was taken in farms sheltering Gurgueia goats and then individuals Gurgueia were counted to estimate population size and classifying the risk of extinction. To characterize the Gurgueia breed, the presence of beard, horns, earrings, patterns of color roan, agouti and brown, and the presence of reduced ear were observed to perform simple descriptive analysis. The regional literature demonstrates lack of consistency about the origin of the Gurgueia breed. However, flocks of goats in the Gurgueia river valley, in Southern Piauí, gave origin to the breed denomination. The present study found out 119 Gurgueia individuals scattered in three micro-regions - classifying the Gurgueia breed as critically endangered. The morphological analysis shows low frequency of earrings (0,05) and high frequency of horn (0.95) in Gurgéia individuals. The beard frequency was 0.52 and was verified absence of long hairs, indicating no relationship between those. The analysis showed high frequency of roan pattern (0.96), absence of brown and single coat pattern (non-agouti). Reduced ear was absent. This inventory appointed that Gurgueia risk of endangerment is unstable, since its presence within herds is mixed with other breed types.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar o inventário do ecótipo Gurgueia no Estado do Piauí, na região Nordeste do Brasil. O inventário compreendeu o levantamento histórico, com busca em literaturas, e o populacional feito a partir de visitas in loco nos rebanhos. Foi tomado em cada rebanho a localização geográfica por meio o por GPS e contagem dos animais com padrão fenotípico Gurgueia para classifica-la quanto ao risco de extinção. Observou-se a presença dos caracteres barba, chifres, brincos, os padrões de cor ruão, agouti e chocolate, e a presença de orelha reduzida que foram submetidos à análise descritivas simples. A literatura regional consultada não apresentou consistência sobre a origem do caprino Gurgueia no Piauí, mas indicaram que rebanhos instalados no vale do rio Gurgueia no Sul do Piauí, deram origem aos hoje classificados como Gurgueia. No estudo, houve a confirmação de poucos exemplares, apenas 119, dispersos em três microrregiões revelando que grupo genético Gurgueia está em situação crítica de desaparecimento. Nestes animais, observa-se alta frequência da ausência de brincos e do caráter presença de chifre (0,95). A frequência de barba foi de 0,52 e não houve ocorrência de pelos longos, indicando ausência da relação entre esses caracteres. O caráter ruão (0,96), a pelagem chocolate e padrão não-agouti (cor única) não estiveram presentes assim como a presença de orelha reduzida. O estudo pode apontar também que os caprinos Gurgueia apresentam-se em situação instável, já que a sua presença nos rebanhos está associada a outros tipos raciais.

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to conduct the inventory of goat breed Gurgueia in the state of Piauí, Northeast region of Brazil. The inventory includes a historical survey - made by searching in the literature - and a population survey - made by gathering in loco information. The geographic location through GPS was taken in farms sheltering Gurgueia goats and then individuals Gurgueia were counted to estimate population size and classifying the risk of extinction. To characterize the Gurgueia breed, the presence of beard, horns, earrings, patterns of color roan, agouti and brown, and the presence of reduced ear were observed to perform simple descriptive analysis. The regional literature demonstrates lack of consistency about the origin of the Gurgueia breed. However, flocks of goats in the Gurgueia river valley, in Southern Piauí, gave origin to the breed denomination. The present study found out 119 Gurgueia individuals scattered in three micro-regions - classifying the Gurgueia breed as critically endangered. The morphological analysis shows low frequency of earrings (0,05) and high frequency of horn (0.95) in Gurgéia individuals. The beard frequency was 0.52 and was verified absence of long hairs, indicating no relationship between those. The analysis showed high frequency of roan pattern (0.96), absence of brown and single coat pattern (non-agouti). Reduced ear was absent.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar o inventário do ecótipo Gurgueia no Estado do Piauí, na região Nordeste do Brasil. O inventário compreendeu o levantamento histórico, com busca em literaturas, e o populacional feito a partir de visitas in loco nos rebanhos. Foi tomado em cada rebanho a localização geográfica por meio o por GPS e contagem dos animais com padrão fenotípico Gurgueia para classifica-la quanto ao risco de extinção. Observou-se a presença dos caracteres barba, chifres, brincos, os padrões de cor ruão, agouti e chocolate, e a presença de orelha reduzida que foram submetidos à análise descritivas simples. A literatura regional consultada não apresentou consistência sobre a origem do caprino Gurgueia no Piauí, mas indicaram que rebanhos instalados no vale do rio Gurgueia no Sul do Piauí, deram origem aos hoje classificados como Gurgueia. No estudo, houve a confirmação de poucos exemplares, apenas 119, dispersos em três microrregiões revelando que grupo genético Gurgueia está em situação crítica de desaparecimento. Nestes animais, observa-se alta frequência da ausência de brincos e do caráter presença de chifre (0,95). A frequência de barba foi de 0,52 e não houve ocorrência de pelos longos, indicando ausência da relação entre esses caracteres. O caráter ruão (0,96), a pelagem chocolate e padrão não-agouti (cor única) não estiveram presentes assim como a presença

Assuntos

RESUMO

SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to conduct the inventory of goat breed Gurgueia in the state of Piauí, Northeast region of Brazil. The inventory includes a historical survey - made by searching in the literature - and a population survey - made by gathering in loco information. The geographic location through GPS was taken in farms sheltering Gurgueia goats and then individuals Gurgueia were counted to estimate population size and classifying the risk of extinction. To characterize the Gurgueia breed, the presence of beard, horns, earrings, patterns of color roan, agouti and brown, and the presence of reduced ear were observed to perform simple descriptive analysis. The regional literature demonstrates lack of consistency about the origin of the Gurgueia breed. However, flocks of goats in the Gurgueia river valley, in Southern Piauí, gave origin to the breed denomination. The present study found out 119 Gurgueia individuals scattered in three micro-regions - classifying the Gurgueia breed as critically endangered. The morphological analysis shows low frequency of earrings (0,05) and high frequency of horn (0.95) in Gurgéia individuals. The beard frequency was 0.52 and was verified absence of long hairs, indicating no relationship between those. The analysis showed high frequency of roan pattern (0.96), absence of brown and single coat pattern (non-agouti). Reduced ear was absent. This inventory appointed that Gurgueia risk of endangerment is unstable, since its presence within herds is mixed with other breed types.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar o inventário do ecótipo Gurgueia no Estado do Piauí, na região Nordeste do Brasil. O inventário compreendeu o levantamento histórico, com busca em literaturas, e o populacional feito a partir de visitas in loco nos rebanhos. Foi tomado em cada rebanho a localização geográfica por meio o por GPS e contagem dos animais com padrão fenotípico Gurgueia para classifica-la quanto ao risco de extinção. Observou-se a presença dos caracteres barba, chifres, brincos, os padrões de cor ruão, agouti e chocolate, e a presença de orelha reduzida que foram submetidos à análise descritivas simples. A literatura regional consultada não apresentou consistência sobre a origem do caprino Gurgueia no Piauí, mas indicaram que rebanhos instalados no vale do rio Gurgueia no Sul do Piauí, deram origem aos hoje classificados como Gurgueia. No estudo, houve a confirmação de poucos exemplares, apenas 119, dispersos em três microrregiões revelando que grupo genético Gurgueia está em situação crítica de desaparecimento. Nestes animais, observa-se alta frequência da ausência de brincos e do caráter presença de chifre (0,95). A frequência de barba foi de 0,52 e não houve ocorrência de pelos longos, indicando ausência da relação entre esses caracteres. O caráter ruão (0,96), a pelagem chocolate e padrão não-agouti (cor única) não estiveram presentes assim como a presença de orelha reduzida. O estudo pode apontar também que os caprinos Gurgueia apresentam-se em situação instável, já que a sua presença nos rebanhos está associada a outros tipos raciais.