RESUMO

Abstract Introduction: Blood pressure (BP) assessment affects the management of arterial hypertension (AH) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients have specific patterns of BP behavior during ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Objectives: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the associations between progressive stages of CKD and changes in ABPM. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study with 851 patients treated in outpatient clinics of a university hospital who underwent ABPM examination from January 2004 to February 2012 in order to assess the presence and control of AH. The outcomes considered were the ABPM parameters. The variable of interest was CKD staging. Confounding factors included age, sex, body mass index, smoking, cause of CKD, and use of antihypertensive drugs. Results: Systolic BP (SBP) was associated with CKD stages 3b and 5, irrespective of confounding variables. Pulse pressure was only associated with stage 5. The SBP coefficient of variation was progressively associated with stages 3a, 4 and 5, while the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) coefficient of variation showed no association. SBP reduction was associated with stages 2, 4 and 5, and the decline in DBP with stages 4 and 5. Other ABPM parameters showed no association with CKD stages after adjustments. Conclusion: Advanced stages of CKD were associated with lower nocturnal dipping and greater variability in blood pressure.

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Resumo Introdução: A avaliação da pressão arterial (PA) tem impacto no manejo da hipertensão arterial (HA) na doença renal crônica (DRC). O portador de DRC apresenta padrão específico de comportamento da PA ao longo da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA). Objetivos: O objetivo do corrente estudo é avaliar as associações entre os estágios progressivos da DRC e alterações da MAPA. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 851 pacientes atendidos nos ambulatórios de um hospital universitário que foram submetidos ao exame de MAPA no período de janeiro de 2004 a fevereiro de 2012 para avaliar a presença e o controle da HA. Os desfechos considerados foram os parâmetros de MAPA. A variável de interesse foi o estadiamento da DRC. Foram considerados como fatores de confusão idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo, causa da DRC e uso de anti-hipertensivos. Resultados: A PA sistólica (PAS) se associou aos estágios 3b e 5 da DRC, independentemente das variáveis de confusão. Pressão de pulso se associou apenas ao estágio 5. O coeficiente de variação da PAS se associou progressivamente aos estágios 3a, 4 e 5, enquanto o coeficiente de variação da pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) não demonstrou associação. O descenso da PAS obteve associação com estágios 2, 4 e 5, e o descenso da PAD, com os 4 e 5. Demais parâmetros da MAPA não obtiveram associação com os estágios da DRC após os ajustes. Conclusão: Estágios mais avançados da DRC associaram-se a menor descenso noturno e a maior variabilidade da pressão arterial.

RESUMO

Abstract Introduction: Identifying risk factors for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) progression is important. However, studies that have evaluated this subject using a Brazilian sample is sparce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify risk factors for renal outcomes and death in a Brazilian cohort of ADPKD patients. Methods: Patients had the first medical appointment between January 2002 and December 2014, and were followed up until December 2019. Associations between clinical and laboratory variables with the primary outcome (sustained decrease of at least 57% in the eGFR from baseline, need for dialysis or renal transplantation) and the secondary outcome (death from any cause) were analyzed using a multiple Cox regression model. Among 80 ADPKD patients, those under 18 years, with glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, and/or those with missing data were excluded. There were 70 patients followed. Results: The factors independently associated with the renal outcomes were total kidney length - adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.137 (1.057-1.224), glomerular filtration rate - HR (95% CI): 0.970 (0.949-0.992), and serum uric acid level - HR (95% CI): 1.643 (1.118-2.415). Diabetes mellitus - HR (95% CI): 8.115 (1.985-33.180) and glomerular filtration rate - HR (95% CI): 0.957 (0.919-0.997) were associated with the secondary outcome. Conclusions: These findings corroborate the hypothesis that total kidney length, glomerular filtration rate and serum uric acid level may be important prognostic predictors of ADPKD in a Brazilian cohort, which could help to select patients who require closer follow up.

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Resumo Introdução: É importante identificar fatores de risco para progressão da doença renal policística autossômica dominante (DRPAD). Entretanto, são escassos os estudos que avaliam esse assunto utilizando amostra brasileira. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores de risco para desfechos renais e óbito em coorte brasileira de pacientes com DRPAD. Métodos: Os pacientes tiveram o primeiro atendimento médico entre janeiro/2002 e dezembro/2014, sendo acompanhados até dezembro/2019. Associações entre variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais com desfecho primário (redução sustentada de pelo menos 57% na TFGe em relação ao valor basal, necessidade de diálise ou transplante renal) e desfecho secundário (óbito por qualquer causa) foram analisadas pelo modelo de regressão múltipla de Cox. Entre 80 pacientes com DRPAD, foram excluídos aqueles menores de 18 anos, com TFG <30 mL/min/1,73 m2 e/ou aqueles com dados ausentes. Foram acompanhados 70 pacientes. Resultados: Fatores independentemente associados aos desfechos renais foram: comprimento renal total - Razão de Risco (HR) ajustada com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%): 1,137 (1,057-1,224), taxa de filtração glomerular - HR (IC 95%): 0,970 (0,949-0,992) e nível sérico de ácido úrico - HR (IC 95%): 1,643 (1,118-2,415). Diabetes mellitus - HR (IC 95%): 8,115 (1,985-33,180) e TFG - HR (IC 95%): 0,957 (0,919-0,997) foram associados ao desfecho secundário. Conclusões: Esses achados corroboram a hipótese de que comprimento renal total, TFG e nível sérico de ácido úrico podem ser importantes preditores prognósticos de DRPAD em uma coorte brasileira, o que pode ajudar a selecionar pacientes que necessitam de acompanhamento mais próximo.

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Blood pressure (BP) assessment affects the management of arterial hypertension (AH) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients have specific patterns of BP behavior during ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the associations between progressive stages of CKD and changes in ABPM. METHODOLOGY: This is a cross-sectional study with 851 patients treated in outpatient clinics of a university hospital who underwent ABPM examination from January 2004 to February 2012 in order to assess the presence and control of AH. The outcomes considered were the ABPM parameters. The variable of interest was CKD staging. Confounding factors included age, sex, body mass index, smoking, cause of CKD, and use of antihypertensive drugs. RESULTS: Systolic BP (SBP) was associated with CKD stages 3b and 5, irrespective of confounding variables. Pulse pressure was only associated with stage 5. The SBP coefficient of variation was progressively associated with stages 3a, 4 and 5, while the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) coefficient of variation showed no association. SBP reduction was associated with stages 2, 4 and 5, and the decline in DBP with stages 4 and 5. Other ABPM parameters showed no association with CKD stages after adjustments. CONCLUSION: Advanced stages of CKD were associated with lower nocturnal dipping and greater variability in blood pressure.

Assuntos

Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Hipertensão , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Feminino , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Idoso , Progressão da Doença , Adulto , Índice de Gravidade de Doença

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Identifying risk factors for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) progression is important. However, studies that have evaluated this subject using a Brazilian sample is sparce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify risk factors for renal outcomes and death in a Brazilian cohort of ADPKD patients. METHODS: Patients had the first medical appointment between January 2002 and December 2014, and were followed up until December 2019. Associations between clinical and laboratory variables with the primary outcome (sustained decrease of at least 57% in the eGFR from baseline, need for dialysis or renal transplantation) and the secondary outcome (death from any cause) were analyzed using a multiple Cox regression model. Among 80 ADPKD patients, those under 18 years, with glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, and/or those with missing data were excluded. There were 70 patients followed. RESULTS: The factors independently associated with the renal outcomes were total kidney length - adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.137 (1.057-1.224), glomerular filtration rate - HR (95% CI): 0.970 (0.949-0.992), and serum uric acid level - HR (95% CI): 1.643 (1.118-2.415). Diabetes mellitus - HR (95% CI): 8.115 (1.985-33.180) and glomerular filtration rate - HR (95% CI): 0.957 (0.919-0.997) were associated with the secondary outcome. CONCLUSIONS: These findings corroborate the hypothesis that total kidney length, glomerular filtration rate and serum uric acid level may be important prognostic predictors of ADPKD in a Brazilian cohort, which could help to select patients who require closer follow up.

Assuntos

Progressão da Doença , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Rim Policístico Autossômico Dominante , Humanos , Rim Policístico Autossômico Dominante/complicações , Masculino , Feminino , Brasil/epidemiologia , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Estudos de Coortes , Ácido Úrico/sangue , Estudos Retrospectivos

RESUMO

AIMS: A historic of preeclampsia (PE) has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. There are substantial evidences that cardiovascular changes resulting from PE can persist even after pregnancy end. Therefore, the aims was to evaluate the prevalence of myocardial hypertrophy in young women 12 months after PE event as well as try to identify risk factors for these changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single-center observational prospective cross-sectional study that included 118 consecutive patients after 12 months of PE. Clinical and laboratory evaluations, echocardiogram were performed. Myocardial hypertrophy (LVH) was defined as an index myocardial mass ≥ 45 g/m2.7, for women. Classical risk factors for CVD were considered. Analysis included linear or logistic regression and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Significance level of 5 %. KEY FINDINGS: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was identified in 52 patients (44 %), overweight/obesity (OOB) in 82 (69 %), dyslipidemia in 68 (57 %) and metabolic syndrome in 47 patients (40 %). LVH was present in 35 cases (29 %) and associated with OOB (OR = 4.51; CI95%:1.18-17.17, p < 0.001), in a model corrected for age and SAH diagnosis. When only the metabolic syndrome components were analyzed, in the multiple logistic regression model, the abdominal circumference was the only clinical variable associated with LVH (OR = 17.65; CI95%:3.70-84.17; p < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE: It was observed a high prevalence of ventricular hypertrophy in young women with a history of pre-eclampsia. This condition was associated with the presence of obesity.

Assuntos

Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Pré-Eclâmpsia , Humanos , Feminino , Pré-Eclâmpsia/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Cardiomegalia/epidemiologia , Cardiomegalia/etiologia , Prevalência , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/epidemiologia , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Adulto Jovem , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/complicações

RESUMO

Abstract Introduction: Glomerulonephritis are the third cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring dialysis in Brazil. Mineral and bone disorder (MBD) is one of the complications of CKD and is already present in the early stages. Assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMV) are non-invasive ways of assessing cardiovascular risk. Hypothesis: Patients with primary glomerulonephritis (PG) have high prevalence of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, not fully explained by traditional risk factors, but probably influenced by the early onset of MBD. Objective: To evaluate the main markers of atherosclerosis in patients with PG. Method: Clinical, observational, cross-sectional and controlled study. Patients with PG were included and those under 18 years of age, pregnants, those with less than three months of follow-up and those with secondary glomerulonephritis were excluded. Those who, at the time of exams collection, had proteinuria higher than 6 grams/24 hours and using prednisone at doses higher than 0.2 mg/kg/day were also excluded. Results: 95 patients were included, 88 collected the exams, 1 was excluded and 23 did not undergo the ultrasound scan. Patients with PG had a higher mean CIMT compared to controls (0.66 versus 0.60), p = 0.003. After multivariate analysis, age and values for systolic blood pressure (SBP), FMV and GFR (p = 0.02); and FMV and serum uric acid (p = 0.048) remained statistically relevant. Discussion and conclusion: The higher cardiovascular risk in patients with PG was not explained by early MBD. Randomized and multicentric clinical studies are necessary to better assess this hypothesis.

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Resumo Introdução: Glomerulopatias são a terceira causa de doença renal crônica (DRC) com necessidade de diálise no Brasil. Distúrbio mineral e ósseo (DMO) é uma das complicações da DRC e está presente já nos estágios iniciais. A avaliação da espessura médio-intimal de carótidas (EMIC) e da vasodilatação fluxo-mediada (VFM) são maneiras não invasivas de avaliação do risco cardiovascular. Hipótese: Pacientes com glomerulopatias primárias (GP) apresentam alta prevalência de aterosclerose e disfunção endotelial, não explicada totalmente pelos fatores de risco tradicionais, mas provavelmente influenciada pela instalação precoce do DMO. Objetivo: Avaliar os principais marcadores de aterosclerose em pacientes com GP. Método: Estudo clínico, observacional, transversal e controlado. Foram incluídos portadores de GP e excluídos menores de 18 anos, gestantes, menos de três meses de seguimento e os com glomerulopatia secundária. Também foram excluídos aqueles que, no momento da coleta, apresentavam proteinúria maior que 6 gramas/24 horas e uso de prednisona em doses superiores a 0,2 mg/kg/dia. Resultados: 95 pacientes foram incluídos, 88 colheram os exames, 1 foi excluído e 23 não realizaram a ultrassonografia. Os pacientes com GP apresentaram maior EMIC média em relação ao controle (0,66 versus 0,60), p = 0,003. Após análise multivariada, mantiveram relevância estatística a idade e os valores de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), VFM e TFG (p = 0,02) e VFM e ácido úrico sérico (p = 0,048). Discussão e conclusão: Pacientes com GP apresentaram maior risco cardiovascular, entretanto esse risco não foi explicitado pelo DMO precoce. Estudos clínicos randomizados e multicêntricos são necessários para melhor determinação dessa hipótese.

RESUMO

Objective: We evaluated the extent to which frailty mediated the association between age, poor functional outcomes, and mortality after acute ischemic stroke when patients were treated with brain reperfusion (thrombolytic therapy and/or thrombectomy). Materials and methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke who had undergone intravenous cerebral reperfusion therapy and/or mechanical thrombectomy. We created a mediation model by analyzing the direct natural effect of an mRS score > 2 and death on age-mediated frailty according to the Frailty Index. Results: We enrolled 292 patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent brain reperfusion. Their mean age was 67.7 ± 13.1 years. Ninety days after the stroke ictus, 54 (18.5%) participants died, and 83 (28.4%) lived with moderate to severe disability (2 < mRS < 6). In the mediation analysis of the composite outcome of disability (mRS score > 2) or death, frailty accounted for 28% of the total effect of age. The models used to test for the interaction between age and frailty did not show statistically significant interactions for either outcome, and the addition of the interaction did not significantly change the direct or indirect effects, nor did it improve model fit. Conclusion: Frailty mediated almost one-third of the effect of age on the composite outcome of disability or death after acute ischemic stroke.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the best method to replace cystatin C in the evaluation of glomerular filtration in the elderly. METHODS: Individuals over 60 years of age from a primary care center were studied. Blood was collected to determine creatinine and cystatin C and 24-h urine. Three methods were compared to determine glomerular filtration: Creatinine clearance, Cocroft-Gault, modification of diet in renal disease, and Collaboration Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease based on creatinine, considering as a reference the determination of glomerular filtration using the cystatin-based Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. The statistical methods used were linear regression, Bland-Altman curve, and receiver operating characteristic. RESULTS: A total of 180 elderly people were evaluated, but 14 patients were lost from the sample, resulting in a total of 166 patients. The average age of patients was 66.9±6.1 years, and 69.8% were females. Regarding the number of patients eligible for the study, there were 12 black, 108 brown, and 46 white, 42.77% hypertensive, and 38.3% diabetic. Glomerular filtration was less than 60 mL/min in 22.28% of patients. Regarding the evaluation of the different equations, the correlation coefficient was lower for creatinine clearance and progressively higher for Cocroft-Gault, modification of diet in renal disease, and Collaboration Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease based on creatinine. The Bland-Altman diagram and the receiver operating characteristic curve showed similar performance to the correlation coefficient for the different equations evaluated. CONCLUSION: Collaboration Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease based on creatinine presented the best performance. Creatinine debug had the worst performance, which reinforces the idea that 24-h urine collection is unnecessary in these patients.

Assuntos

Cistatina C , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Creatinina , Curva ROC

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Glomerulonephritis are the third cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring dialysis in Brazil. Mineral and bone disorder (MBD) is one of the complications of CKD and is already present in the early stages. Assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMV) are non-invasive ways of assessing cardiovascular risk. HYPOTHESIS: Patients with primary glomerulonephritis (PG) have high prevalence of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, not fully explained by traditional risk factors, but probably influenced by the early onset of MBD. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the main markers of atherosclerosis in patients with PG. METHOD: Clinical, observational, cross-sectional and controlled study. Patients with PG were included and those under 18 years of age, pregnants, those with less than three months of follow-up and those with secondary glomerulonephritis were excluded. Those who, at the time of exams collection, had proteinuria higher than 6 grams/24 hours and using prednisone at doses higher than 0.2 mg/kg/day were also excluded. RESULTS: 95 patients were included, 88 collected the exams, 1 was excluded and 23 did not undergo the ultrasound scan. Patients with PG had a higher mean CIMT compared to controls (0.66 versus 0.60), p = 0.003. After multivariate analysis, age and values for systolic blood pressure (SBP), FMV and GFR (p = 0.02); and FMV and serum uric acid (p = 0.048) remained statistically relevant. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The higher cardiovascular risk in patients with PG was not explained by early MBD. Randomized and multicentric clinical studies are necessary to better assess this hypothesis.

Assuntos

Aterosclerose , Glomerulonefrite , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Aterosclerose/complicações , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , Estudos Transversais , Glomerulonefrite/complicações , Diálise Renal , Fatores de Risco , Ácido Úrico

RESUMO

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the best method to replace cystatin C in the evaluation of glomerular filtration in the elderly. METHODS: Individuals over 60 years of age from a primary care center were studied. Blood was collected to determine creatinine and cystatin C and 24-h urine. Three methods were compared to determine glomerular filtration: Creatinine clearance, Cocroft-Gault, modification of diet in renal disease, and Collaboration Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease based on creatinine, considering as a reference the determination of glomerular filtration using the cystatin-based Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. The statistical methods used were linear regression, Bland-Altman curve, and receiver operating characteristic. RESULTS: A total of 180 elderly people were evaluated, but 14 patients were lost from the sample, resulting in a total of 166 patients. The average age of patients was 66.9±6.1 years, and 69.8% were females. Regarding the number of patients eligible for the study, there were 12 black, 108 brown, and 46 white, 42.77% hypertensive, and 38.3% diabetic. Glomerular filtration was less than 60 mL/min in 22.28% of patients. Regarding the evaluation of the different equations, the correlation coefficient was lower for creatinine clearance and progressively higher for Cocroft-Gault, modification of diet in renal disease, and Collaboration Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease based on creatinine. The Bland-Altman diagram and the receiver operating characteristic curve showed similar performance to the correlation coefficient for the different equations evaluated. CONCLUSION: Collaboration Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease based on creatinine presented the best performance. Creatinine debug had the worst performance, which reinforces the idea that 24-h urine collection is unnecessary in these patients.