RESUMO

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic caused the cessation of academic activities from the face-to-face format to confinement and virtual classes, in which little is studied about its effect on mental health. Objective Determine levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in medical students in Mexico and Colombia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, depression, anxiety, and stress were compared by gender, education status, and country. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out with 426 medical students. Data was collected using an online survey containing the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaire. Results Overall scores for depression, anxiety, and stress were 6.7 ± 1.2, 8.8 ± 1.2, and 5.6 ± 1.2, respectively. Females had significantly higher overall scores for depression (.24-fold increase), anxiety (.25-fold increase), and stress (.40-fold increase) than males (p ≤ .01). The risk for anxiety and stress by school year showed that basic years were associated with higher scores than advanced years (.25 and .38-fold increase, respectively). For females, starting medical school did show an increased risk of depression when compared to male students in their basic years (.38-fold increase). Lastly, students from Mexico had an increased risk for depression and anxiety (p ≤ .022 and p ≤ .004, respectively) but not for stress (p ≤ .402), when compared to students from Colombia. Discussion and conclusion Significant anxiety and depression were observed in medical students from Mexico and Colombia. Factors associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety are students in their basic years as well as being female.

Resumen Introducción La pandemia de COVID-19 provocó el cese de las actividades académicas desde el formato presencial al confinamiento de las clases virtuales, de las que poco se ha estudiado sobre su efecto en la salud mental. Objetivo Determinar los niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en estudiantes de medicina de México y Colombia durante la pandemia de COVID-19; además de comparar depresión, ansiedad y estrés por género, nivel educativo y país. Método Se realizó un estudio transversal con 426 estudiantes de medicina. Los datos se recopilaron mediante una encuesta en línea que contenía el cuestionario DASS-21. Resultados Las puntuaciones generales de depresión, ansiedad y estrés fueron 6.7 ± 1.2, 8.8 ± 1.2 y 5.6 ± 1.2, respectivamente. Las mujeres tuvieron puntajes generales significativamente más altos para depresión (.24-fold increase), ansiedad (.25-fold increase) y estrés (.40-fold increase). El riesgo de ansiedad y estrés por año escolar mostró que los años básicos se asociaron con puntajes más altos que los estudiantes en años los avanzados (.25 y .38-fold increase). Para las mujeres, cursar años básicos mostró un mayor riesgo de depresión en comparación con los estudiantes varones (.38-fold increase). Por último, los estudiantes mexicanos tuvieron un mayor riesgo de depresión y ansiedad (p ≤ .022 y p ≤ .004, respectivamente) pero no de estrés (p ≤ .402) en comparación con los estudiantes Colombianos. Discusión y conclusión Se observó ansiedad y depresión significativas en estudiantes de medicina mexicanos y colombianos. Los factores asociados a un mayor riesgo de depresión y ansiedad fueron; ser estudiante en años básicos además de ser mujer.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Obesity increases the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 illness in adults. The role of obesity in short-term complications and post-acute sequelae in children is not well defined. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between obesity and short-term complications and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized paediatric patients. METHODS: An observational study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals, including paediatric hospitalized patients with a confirmatory SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR from March 2020 to December 2021. Obesity was defined according to WHO 2006 (0-2 years) and CDC 2000 (2-20 years) growth references. Short-term outcomes were intensive care unit admission, ventilatory support, superinfections, acute kidney injury, and mortality. Neurological, respiratory, and cardiological symptoms and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms were considered as post-acute sequalae. Adjusted linear, logistic regression and generalized estimating equations models were performed. RESULTS: A total of 216 individuals were included, and 67 (31.02%) of them had obesity. Obesity was associated with intensive care unit admission (aOR = 5.63, CI95% 2.90-10.94), oxygen requirement (aOR = 2.77, CI95% 1.36-5.63), non-invasive ventilatory support (aOR = 6.81, CI95% 2.11-22.04), overall superinfections (aOR = 3.02 CI95% 1.45-6.31), and suspected bacterial pneumonia (aOR = 3.00 CI95% 1.44-6.23). For post-acute sequalae, obesity was associated with dyspnea (aOR = 9.91 CI95% 1.92-51.10) and muscle weakness (aOR = 20.04 CI95% 2.50-160.65). CONCLUSIONS: In paediatric hospitalized patients with COVID-19, severe short-term outcomes and post-acute sequelae are associated with obesity. Recognizing obesity as a key comorbidity is essential to develop targeted strategies for prevention of COVID-19 complications in children.

Assuntos

RESUMO

We identified a plasma signature of 11 C14 to C26 ceramides and 1 C16 dihydroceramide predictive of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, those with recent AMI, compared with those without recent AMI, showed a significant increase in 5 of the signature's 12 ceramides in plasma but not simultaneously-biopsied aortic tissue. In contrast, a rat AMI model, compared with sham control, showed a significant increase in myocardial concentrations of all 12 ceramides and up-regulation of 3 ceramide-producing enzymes, suggesting ischemic myocardium as a possible source of this ceramide signature.

RESUMO

Alcohol use disorders are modulated by genetic factors, but the identification of specific genes and their concomitant biological changes that are associated with a higher risk for these disorders has proven difficult. Alterations in the sensitivity to the motivational effects of ethanol may be one way by which genes modulate the initiation and escalation of ethanol intake. Rats and mice have been selectively bred for high and low ethanol consumption during adulthood. However, selective breeding programs for ethanol intake have not focused on adolescence. This phase of development is associated with the initiation and escalation of ethanol intake and characterized by an increase in the sensitivity to ethanol's appetitive effects and a decrease in the sensitivity to ethanol's aversive effects compared with adulthood. The present study performed short-term behavioral selection to select rat lines that diverge in the expression of ethanol drinking during adolescence. A progenitor nucleus of Wistar rats (F0) and filial generation 1 (F1), F2, and F3 adolescent rats were derived from parents that were selected for high (STDRHI) and low (STDRLO) ethanol consumption during adolescence and were tested for ethanol intake and responsivity to ethanol's motivational effects. STDRHI rats exhibited significantly greater ethanol intake and preference than STDRLO rats. Compared with STDRLO rats, STDRHI F2 and F3 rats exhibited a blunted response to ethanol in the conditioned taste aversion test. F2 and F3 STDRHI rats but not STDRLO rats exhibited ethanol-induced motor stimulation. STDRHI rats exhibited avoidance of the white compartment of the light-dark box, a reduction of locomotion, and a reduction of saccharin consumption, suggesting an anxiety-prone phenotype. The results suggest that the genetic risk for enhanced ethanol intake during adolescence is associated with lower sensitivity to the aversive effects of ethanol, heightened reactivity to ethanol's stimulating effects, and enhanced innate anxiety.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The expansion of the agricultural frontier by the clearing of remnant forests has led to human-dominated landscape mosaics. Previous studies have evaluated the effect of these landscape mosaics on arthropod diversity at local spatial scales in temperate and tropical regions, but little is known about fragmentation effects in crop systems, such as the complex tropical traditional crop systems that maintain a high diversity of weeds and arthropods in low-Andean regions. To understand the factors that influence patterns of diversity in human-dominated landscapes, we investigate the effect of land use types on plant and arthropod diversity in traditionally managed cornfields, via surveys of plants and arthropods in twelve traditional cornfields in the Colombian Andes. We estimated alpha and beta diversity to analyze changes in diversity related to land uses within a radius of 100 m to 1 km around each cornfield. We observed that forests influenced alpha diversity of plants, but not of arthropods. Agricultural lands had a positive relationship with plants and herbivores, but a negative relationship with predators. Pastures positively influenced the diversity of plants and arthropods. In addition, forest cover seemed to influence changes in plant species composition and species turnover of herbivore communities among cornfields. The dominant plant species varied among fields, resulting in high differentiation of plant communities. Predator communities also exhibited high turnover among cornfields, but differences in composition arose mainly among rare species. The crop system evaluated in this study represents a widespread situation in the tropics, therefore, our results can be of broad significance. Our findings suggest that traditional agriculture may not homogenize biological communities, but instead could maintain the regional pool of species through high beta diversity.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El mercadeo social, la educación y la comunicación son en su conjunto los cimientos que soportan muchas de las acciones de la promoción de la salud en la actualidad. En Colombia como en otros paises en vía de desarrollo, la diversidad de escenarios socio políticos debilitan los planteamientos estructurales en los sistemas de salud y así como avanzan también movilizan los recursos hacia objetivos de ajustes dejando de un lado el abordaje de la promoción de la salud. Dado esto, los logrosa escala dependerán del uso de herramientas como las que provee el mercadeo social para la salud bucal. Esto es, como el uso de las herramientas y las pedagogías participativas en salud son pilares orientadores del desarrollo de capacidades de las personas y de las comunidades; a través de ellasse potencializa la comunicación y la construcción conjunta para el aprendizaje adquirido de la salud bucal. A pesar de que estas experiencias siguen siendo socialmente aceptadas en el momento de su aplicación, probablemente no son bien recordadas y aplicadas en los nuevos escenarios de aprendizaje colectivo de la gestión social del conocimiento.

Social marketing, education and communication support many actions within current health promotion.In Colombia as in other developing countries, the diversity of socio-political environments have weakened the structural bases of the health system and in the same way that they advance they also mobilize resources towards objectives of adjustment leaving aside the promotion of health. Given this, scaled achievements will depend on the use of tools such as those offered by social marketing of oral health. This is how the participatory teaching tools are fundamental in the development of the skills of individuals and communities in order to strength communication and the joint constructionof an acquired learning for oral health. Although these experiences continue to be socially acceptedat the moment of their implementation, they are probably not well remembered and applied in new collective learning scenarios of social knowledge management.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Ensayo que presenta una discusión sobre la problemática ambiental actual y su relación con la salud de las poblaciones. Se analizan las limitaciones del modelo de desarrollo económico y social, centrado en el incremento del capital y la producción industrial, y su impacto negativo sobre los recursos naturales, el equilibrio de los ecosistemas y la vulnerabilidad humana. Se expone los fundamentos metodológicos y los desarrollos del enfoque epidemiológico ambiental, analizando sus principales potenciales de aplicación. Por último, se formulan opciones de solución articuladas a las premisas del desarrollo sustentable y de la justicia ambiental, y se destaca la responsabilidad de la academia en la formación del recurso humano y científico en el área de epidemiologia ambiental, así como el papel protagónico de la comunidad en la toma de conciencia ambiental y la participación activa desde la postura crítica, responsable y propositiva para hacer parte de la solución del problema.

This essay presents a discussion on current environmental problems and their relationship to the health of populations. The limitations of the model of economic and social development are analyzed focusing on the augmentation of the capital and the industrial production and its negative impact on natural resources, the balance of ecosystems and human vulnerability. The methodology basics and the developments in environmental epidemiological approach are exposed analyzing their main potential application. Finally, options for solutions are formulated linking them to the premises of sustainable development and environmental justice. The responsibility of the academic environment is pointed out in the training of human and scientific resources in the field of environmental epidemiology, as well as the role of the community in terms of environmental awareness and active participation from a point of view that becomes critical, responsible and capable of defining proposals to make part of the solution.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Members of the genus Rhodococcus are frequently found in soil and other natural environments and are highly resistant to stresses common in those environments. The accumulation of storage compounds permits cells to survive and metabolically adapt during fluctuating environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to perform a genome-wide bioinformatic analysis of key genes encoding metabolism of diverse storage compounds by Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 and to examine its ability to synthesize and accumulate triacylglycerols (TAG), wax esters, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), glycogen and polyphosphate (PolyP). RESULTS: We identified in the RHA1 genome: 14 genes encoding putative wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzymes (WS/DGATs) likely involved in TAG and wax esters biosynthesis; a total of 54 genes coding for putative lipase/esterase enzymes possibly involved in TAG and wax ester degradation; 3 sets of genes encoding PHA synthases and PHA depolymerases; 6 genes encoding key enzymes for glycogen metabolism, one gene coding for a putative polyphosphate kinase and 3 putative exopolyphosphatase genes. Where possible, key amino acid residues in the above proteins (generally in active sites, effectors binding sites or substrate binding sites) were identified in order to support gene identification. RHA1 cells grown under N-limiting conditions, accumulated TAG as the main storage compounds plus wax esters, PHA (with 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate monomers), glycogen and PolyP. Rhodococcus members were previously known to accumulate TAG, wax esters, PHAs and polyP, but this is the first report of glycogen accumulation in this genus. CONCLUSION: RHA1 possess key genes to accumulate diverse storage compounds. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions lipids are the principal storage compounds. An extensive capacity to synthesize and metabolize storage compounds appears to contribute versatility to RHA1 in its responses to environmental stresses.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La salud bucal no puede mantenerse al margen de la salud general del individuo, más aún cuando hoy desde La Organización Mundial de La Salud se hace un llamado a su rol dentro de la salud general, por lo que se ha desarrollado a través de este ensayo argumentativo la siguiente idea principal, todas las acciones orientadas por un colectivo son manifestaciones de participación social. Estas acciones emanan de actores con diversos intereses y por tanto diferentes roles. Se han identificado actores hegemónicos, institucionales, el estado, la comunidad en general y los líderes en salud, principalmente. Estos actores proveen desde sus ámbitos de acción, elementos para el avance de las sociedades. Esta postura fundamentalmente se desarrollará durante todo el ensayo dado que la salud bucal en el marco de la legislación vigente para Colombia, debe ser movilizada a través de la construcción social de políticas públicas que promuevan la pluralidad y fundamenten los programas sociales a partir del empoderamiento, la transmisión de conocimiento de la salud pública y se conviertan actividades de política en las que se incorporen realidades basadas en los determinantes de la salud y en los principios de igualdad y equidad. Se establece como aporte de este artículo de opinión, que la participación social es en definitiva un referente estratégico nacional, puesto que facilita el camino agendado para el quehacer de las políticas de salud pública para los años venideros.

Oral health is an integral part of the general health of the individual, specially considering that the World Health Organization (WHO) has called the attention of the importance of oral health as part of the general health of the individual. This essay focuses on the importance of collective actions as a part of social participation. Said actions are carried out by different actors with diverse interests and roles. There hegemonic actors such as institutions, States, communities and health leaders who contribute with their actions from their different perspectives to the advancement of society. This concept is developed through out the essay given that under current Colombian legislation, oral health must be promoted through the construction of social policies that foster plurality and develop social programs based on empowerment, the transfer of knowledge in public health that can be incorporated into political activities based on the principles of equality and justice. In conclusion, social participation is a national strategic reference point that will serve as a path for the establishment and implementation of public health policies in the years to come.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción y Objetivo: Caracterizar la dinámica familiar en los habitantes del asentamiento “Altosde Oriente” del municipio de Bello (Antioquia) y su relación con la promoción de la salud bucal, desde lapercepción de los jefes de hogar. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, mediantela utilización de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas como el APGAR familiar, instrumento validado yaplicado en 54 jefes de hogar y 10 entrevistas a profundidad e historias de vida. Se realizó un análisismixto, con medidas de tendencia central y análisis de contenido por categorías y códigos principalesy emergentes. Resultados: Un alto porcentaje de familias están constituidas por uniones religiosas(64.8 por ciento), de carácter nuclear (53.7 por ciento. Frente al APGAR, el 59.3 por ciento de las familias son funcionales. Sinembargo, este porcentaje se afecta por el soporte de amigos, el cual es menor. En cuanto al análisiscualitativo, los jefes de hogar perciben al desplazamiento como un factor protector para la cohesiónfamiliar frente a circunstancias adversas, reconocen la importancia de la salud bucal en el contextode la salud general, influenciada por factores sociales y económicos entre otros. Conclusiones: Lapromoción de la salud bucal y las políticas de participación social, constituyen una alternativa paralas comunidades en condiciones de desplazamiento, pues este, como fenómeno de impacto social ypolítico que afecta la vida cotidiana de las comunidades lograría en el largo plazo, el mejoramiento delas condiciones de vida y su desarrollo en un entorno social favorable...

Introduction and Objective: To characterize the family dynamics of the community of “Altos deoriente” located in the municipality of Bello (Antioquia), and their with oral health promotion, viewedfrom the perspective of heads of family. Materials and Methods: A descriptive and exploratory studywas carried out with quantitative and qualitative techniques, such as the APGAR, which was validatedwith 54 heads of family and complemented with 10 interviews and life stories. A mixed analysis wascarried out with median trend measurements and content analysis by categories, main and emergingcodes Results: A high percentage of those studied consisted of nuclear type families (53.7 percent)constituted by a religious union (64.8 percent). According to APGAR, 59.3 percent of families were functional.However, this percentage is affected by support of friends which is lower. Qualitative analysis showedthat heads of family perceived displacement as a protection factor which favors family cohesion inadverse circumstances; they also recognize the importance of oral health in the general health context,which is influenced by social and economic factors. Conclusions: Oral health promotion and socialparticipation policies constitute an alternative for displaced communities that can affect their daily lifeand in the long term improve their living conditions in a favourable social environment...

Assuntos