RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Polyphenol-rich diets have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few prospective epidemiological studies have examined the relationship between classes of ingested polyphenols and risk of CVD. Our aim was to evaluate the association between polyphenol intake and risk of major cardiovascular events in a prospective Spanish cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 17,065 university graduates (60.7% women, mean age: 37.2 years, age range: 20-89) followed-up for a mean of 10.1 years. Polyphenol intake was assessed at baseline using a validated semi-quantitative 136-item food frequency questionnaire and matching food consumption data with the Phenol-Explorer database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for incident cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death). Cherries, chocolate, coffee, apples, and olives were the major sources of variability in polyphenol intake. Participants with higher flavonoids intake (fifth quintile) had a 47% lower incidence of cardiovascular events compared to those in the lowest quintile (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.98; P for trend = 0.09) after adjusting for potential confounders. The results were non-significant for other polyphenol types. CONCLUSION: The intake of flavonoids showed an inverse association with risk of cardiovascular events in a prospective cohort of Spanish middle-aged adult university graduates. REGISTRATION NUMBER FOR CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT02669602 in Clinical Trials.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Dieta , Polifenóis/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polifenóis/classificação , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Proteção , Fatores de Risco , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estudantes , Fatores de Tempo , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In the present work we argue for the translation of the English term odds ratio, a term of formal anti-natural esthetics for the Spanish-speaking and with added phonetic difficulties, for oportunidad relativa. These words respect the English abbreviation OR facilitating the expression of consistent formulations which may be directly translated, as well as communication between users, since the linguistic confusion due to the present abundance of terms used in Spanish, is reduced to one. Our justifications are mainly syntactic and semantic and reflect reasonable comparability between the terms odds ratio and oportunidad relativa. Reviews of some of the most prestigious dictionaries of the English and the Spanish languages lend additional support to our proposition.
Assuntos
Razão de Chances , Terminologia como Assunto , TraduçõesRESUMO
The power of the association between oral contraceptives and breast cancer was analysed in all the papers published up to date. Seventy-seven publications (from 44 studies) were collected and graded as to quality using meta-analytical methods. Power achieved a figure of greater than or equal to 0.8 in a 10.8% of the associations studied. It showed a significant relationship with the existence of a significant relative risk of the oral contraceptives for breast cancer. The relationship with the sample size of a study was not linear. Power did not show any significant relationship to other variables related to the design of a study (apart from matching, being the power higher in unmatched studies), or to the biases detected, although studies considered as unbiased yielded a higher power. Logistic regression analysis included as predictors of a power greater than or equal to 0.80 the existence of a significant relative risk and the lack of biases in a research.