RESUMO
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic compounds produced by some species of Aspergillus, especially those belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi. Their occurrence in food may start in the field, in the post-harvest, or during storage due to inadequate handling and storage. Because cassava is a staple food for a high percentage of the Brazilian population, we evaluated the presence of aflatoxin-producing species in cassava tubers, cassava products (cassava flour, cassava starch, sour starch, and tapioca flour), and in soil samples collected from cassava fields. In addition, the levels of aflatoxin contamination in cassava products were quantified. A total of 101 samples were analyzed, and 45 strains of Aspergillus section Flavi were isolated. Among the identified species, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus arachidicola, Aspergillus novoparasiticus, and Aspergillus parasiticus were found. The majority of strains (73.3%) tested for their aflatoxin-producing ability in synthetic media was positive. Despite that, cassava and cassava products were essentially free of aflatoxins, and only one sample of cassava flour contained traces of AFB1 (0.35 µg/kg).
Assuntos
Aflatoxinas/análise , Aspergillus flavus/isolamento & purificação , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Manihot/microbiologia , Aflatoxinas/classificação , Aspergillus/classificação , Brasil , Farinha/análise , Farinha/microbiologia , Solo/químicaRESUMO
Metacercárias são larvas de trematódeos digenéticos comumente encontradas encapsuladas em brânquias, pele, músculos e órgãos internos. Geralmente não são prejudiciais aos animais quando em baixo número, porém, em altas infestações podem levar a óbito. O presente estudo relata infecções por metacercárias em 58 peixes ornamentais de água doce, provenientes de produtores de dois municípios do estado de São Paulo (Iguape e Jacareí), sudeste do Brasil. Após a análise, 13% dos animais (8/58) apresentaram metacercárias encistadas no tecido subcutâneo e 43% (25/58) apresentaram metacercárias encapsuladas em brânquias. Estes resultados destacam a importância do controle sanitário de peixes e na realização de diagnósticos que possam desenvolver programas de biosseguridade no cultivo de peixes ornamentais. É discutida a importância de assegurar a sanidade de peixes ornamentais de forma a tornar a atividade economicamente viável e reduzir perdas econômicas na produção.
Metacercariae are digenetic trematode larvae commonly encapsulated in gills, skin, muscles and internal organs and are generally not harmful to animals when in low numbers, but in high infestations can lead to death. The present study reports metacercariae infections in 58 freshwater ornamental fishes from producers in two municipalities of the state of São Paulo (Iguape and Jacareí), Southeastern Brazil. After analysis, 13% of the animals (8/58) had metacercariae encysted in subcutaneous tissue and 43% (25/58) presented metacercariae encapsulated in gills. These results highlight the importance of the Veterinary in the sanitary control of fish, with the ability to identify agents, establish diagnoses and from there develop biosecurity control programs in the production systems of ornamental aquatic organisms, in order to ensure the viability of the fish business, promote animal welfare, reduce manageable losses and contribute to its role for animal and environmental health as a whole.
Assuntos
Animais , Metacercárias/parasitologia , Peixes/parasitologiaRESUMO
Metacercárias são larvas de trematódeos digenéticos comumente encontradas encapsuladas em brânquias, pele, músculos e órgãos internos. Geralmente não são prejudiciais aos animais quando em baixo número, porém, em altas infestações podem levar a óbito. O presente estudo relata infecções por metacercárias em 58 peixes ornamentais de água doce, provenientes de produtores de dois municípios do estado de São Paulo (Iguape e Jacareí), sudeste do Brasil. Após a análise, 13% dos animais (8/58) apresentaram metacercárias encistadas no tecido subcutâneo e 43% (25/58) apresentaram metacercárias encapsuladas em brânquias. Estes resultados destacam a importância do controle sanitário de peixes e na realização de diagnósticos que possam desenvolver programas de biosseguridade no cultivo de peixes ornamentais. É discutida a importância de assegurar a sanidade de peixes ornamentais de forma a tornar a atividade economicamente viável e reduzir perdas econômicas na produção.(AU)
Metacercariae are digenetic trematode larvae commonly encapsulated in gills, skin, muscles and internal organs and are generally not harmful to animals when in low numbers, but in high infestations can lead to death. The present study reports metacercariae infections in 58 freshwater ornamental fishes from producers in two municipalities of the state of São Paulo (Iguape and Jacareí), Southeastern Brazil. After analysis, 13% of the animals (8/58) had metacercariae encysted in subcutaneous tissue and 43% (25/58) presented metacercariae encapsulated in gills. These results highlight the importance of the Veterinary in the sanitary control of fish, with the ability to identify agents, establish diagnoses and from there develop biosecurity control programs in the production systems of ornamental aquatic organisms, in order to ensure the viability of the fish business, promote animal welfare, reduce manageable losses and contribute to its role for animal and environmental health as a whole.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes/parasitologia , Metacercárias/parasitologiaRESUMO
Malaria transmission in South America is overwhelmingly located in the Amazon region with limited cases outside that biome. A key factor in the mitigation of malaria transmission is the determination of vector diversity and bionomics in endemic areas. Anopheles mosquitoes were collected in four different landscapes of Cruzeiro do Sul-Acre, the current area with highest malaria transmission in Brazil. We performed adult mosquito collections every three months over two years and associated vector occurrence with local abiotic factors. A total of 1,754 Anopheles belonging to nine species were collected, but only four of them (An. albitarsis s.l. Lynch-Arribalzaga, An. braziliensis Chagas, An. peryassui Dyar and Knab, and An. triannulatus Neiva and Pinto) represented 77.1% of the total. Vector density and diversity was uneven across field sites and collection periods. Higher Anopheles abundance (54.8%) and richness were observed in a deforested palm tree area (IFC), with An. braziliensis the most frequent mosquito (40.5%). Only 7.3% of mosquitoes were collected in the SAB village, but 66.4% of them were An. darlingi and An. oswaldoi, species often regarded as primary and secondary vectors of malaria in the Amazon region. A distinct biting preference was observed between 18:00-19:40. The distance from the nearest breeding site and minimum temperature explained 41.6% of the Anopheles community composition. Our data show that the Anopheles species composition may present great variation on a microgeographic scale.
Assuntos
Anopheles/fisiologia , Biodiversidade , Malária/transmissão , Mosquitos Vetores/fisiologia , Plasmodium/fisiologia , Animais , Anopheles/parasitologia , Brasil , Geografia , Malária/parasitologia , Mosquitos Vetores/parasitologia , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the bleaching efficacy and tooth sensitivity (TS) of a 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent used for in-office bleaching, applied under different time protocols: a 40-minute application or two 20-minute applications. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty-four patients from Brazil and Colombia, with right superior canines darker than C2, were selected for this multicenter, single-blind, randomized trial. The teeth were bleached in two sessions, with a one-week interval between them, in a split-mouth design. The bleaching agent was applied in two 20-minute (2×20) applications or one 40-minute (1×40) application in each session according to the manufacturer's instructions. The color changes were evaluated by using subjective (Vita Classical and Vita Bleachedguide) and objective (Easyshade Spectrophotometer) methods at baseline and 30 days after the second session. Tooth sensitivity was recorded up to 48 hours with a 0-10 visual analog scale. Also, the pH values during the application of bleaching were recorded. Color change in shade guide units and ΔE were analyzed by using the Student t-test (α=0.05). The absolute risk and intensity of TS were evaluated with the McNemar test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the Friedman test, respectively (α= 0.05). RESULTS: Significant whitening was observed in both groups after 30 days of clinical evaluation. The use of a 40-minute application did not significantly influence the absolute risk of TS (68%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 53-80) as well as the intensity of TS compared with the acid bleaching gel (absolute risk of 82%, 95% CI = 68-91). The pH values did not differ significantly between groups and at the different assessment periods ( p=0.42). CONCLUSION: The use of a 40-minute in-office bleaching agent gel application produced the same whitening degree and TS that the two 20-minute bleaching agent applications did. The former preferably should be applied because one 40-minute application does not require gel refreshing.
Assuntos
Peróxido de Hidrogênio/administração & dosagem , Clareadores Dentários/administração & dosagem , Clareamento Dental/métodos , Adulto , Brasil , Colômbia , Consultórios Odontológicos , Sensibilidade da Dentina/induzido quimicamente , Humanos , Método Simples-Cego , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Pertussis is a worldwide acute respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Despite high vaccine coverage, the bacterium continues to circulate in populations and is still one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases. In Brazil, pertussis incidence has presented a significant decrease since 1990 but since 2011 a sudden increase in incidence has been observed. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a molecular epidemiological characterization of B. pertussis strains isolated in the Central-Western region (specifically in Distrito Federal) of Brazil from August 2012 to August 2014. During this period, 92 B. pertussis strains were isolated from the outbreaks. All strains were characterized by serotyping and XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. From August to December 2012, the most prevalent serotype observed was 1,3 (13/17). During 2013 the prevalence of serotype 1,3 decreased (13/30) and from January 2014 to August 2014 the most prevalent serotype was 1,2 (33/45). Fourteen PFGE profiles were identified. Of these, BP-XbaI0039 prevalence increased from 3/17 in 2012 to 10/30 in 2013, and 35/45 in 2014. These results evidence the selection of a specific genetic profile during this period, suggesting the occurrence of a bacterial genomic profile with high circulation potential.
Assuntos
Bordetella pertussis/genética , Surtos de Doenças , Genótipo , Coqueluche/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Prevalência , Sorogrupo , Sorotipagem , Coqueluche/microbiologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a malleable membrane composed of hydroxyapatite (60%) and polycaprolactone (40%) as treatment of periodontal disease experimentally induced in dogs. A bone defect of standardized dimensions was created between the roots of the third and fourth premolar of 12 dogs for periodontal disease induction. Six dogs had the defect covered by the membrane and six dogs received only standard treatment for periodontal disease, also applied to dogs in the treated group. The animals were clinically monitored during the experiment. Radiographs were taken after surgery and at 60 days after treatment initiation. Clinical attachment level was also assessed in those moments. On the 60th day, dental sample of all animals, containing tooth, defect and periodontal tissues, were harvested, fixed in formalin and analyzed by microtomography and histology. During the experimental period, the animals showed no pain and purulent discharge, however, there was dehiscence in 50% of animals and membrane exposure in five out of six animals in the treated group. Clinical attachment level showed no difference between groups. Radiographs showed radiopacity equal to the alveolar bone in both groups. The microtomography revealed that the control group had higher bone volume in the defect compared to the treated group; however, the furcation was not filled by new alveolar bone in any animal. Histological analysis revealed that junctional epithelium invasion was lighter in the control group. New bone was only observed in the apical edge of the defect in both groups. Although the composite is biocompatible and able to keep the space of the defect, it did not promote periodontal tissue regeneration within 60 days of observation.(AU)
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de membrana moldável constituída por hidroxiapatita (60%) e policaprolactona (40%) como tratamento da doença periodontal, induzida experimentalmente em cães. Um defeito ósseo de dimensões padronizadas foi realizado entre as raízes do terceiro e do quarto pré-molares de 12 cães para indução da doença periodontal. Todos os cães receberam tratamento padrão para doença periodontal, e seis desses animais foram tratados também com a aplicação da membrana sobre o defeito. Os animais foram acompanhados clinicamente durante o experimento. Radiografias foram realizadas no pós-operatório e aos 60 dias após o início do tratamento. O nível clínico de inserção também foi avaliado nesses momentos. Aos 60 dias, a amostra dental de todos os animais contendo o dente, o defeito e os tecidos periodontais foi coletada, fixada em formol e analisada por microtomografia e histologia. Durante o período experimental, os animais não apresentaram dor e secreção purulenta, entretanto houve deiscência em 50% dos animais e exposição de membrana em cinco dos seis animais do grupo tratado. Nível clínico de inserção não apresentou diferença entre os grupos. As imagens radiográficas mostraram radiopacidade igual ao osso alveolar em ambos os grupos. A microtomografia revelou que o grupo controle apresentou maior volume ósseo no defeito em relação ao grupo tratado, no entanto, em todos os animais, a região de furca não foi preenchida por novo osso alveolar. A análise histológica revelou que a invasão por epitélio juncional foi mais discreta no grupo controle. Osso novo foi apenas observado na borda apical do defeito em ambos os grupos. Embora o compósito seja biocompatível e tenha sido capaz de manter o espaço do defeito, ele não promoveu a regeneração dos tecidos periodontais no período de 60 dias de observação.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Materiais Biocompatíveis/uso terapêutico , Doenças Periodontais/veterinária , Hidroxiapatitas/uso terapêutico , Regeneração Tecidual Guiada/veterinária , Poliésteres , Modelos AnimaisRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a malleable membrane composed of hydroxyapatite (60%) and polycaprolactone (40%) as treatment of periodontal disease experimentally induced in dogs. A bone defect of standardized dimensions was created between the roots of the third and fourth premolar of 12 dogs for periodontal disease induction. Six dogs had the defect covered by the membrane and six dogs received only standard treatment for periodontal disease, also applied to dogs in the treated group. The animals were clinically monitored during the experiment. Radiographs were taken after surgery and at 60 days after treatment initiation. Clinical attachment level was also assessed in those moments. On the 60th day, dental sample of all animals, containing tooth, defect and periodontal tissues, were harvested, fixed in formalin and analyzed by microtomography and histology. During the experimental period, the animals showed no pain and purulent discharge, however, there was dehiscence in 50% of animals and membrane exposure in five out of six animals in the treated group. Clinical attachment level showed no difference between groups. Radiographs showed radiopacity equal to the alveolar bone in both groups. The microtomography revealed that the control group had higher bone volume in the defect compared to the treated group; however, the furcation was not filled by new alveolar bone in any animal. Histological analysis revealed that junctional epithelium invasion was lighter in the control group. New bone was only observed in the apical edge of the defect in both groups. Although the composite is biocompatible and able to keep the space of the defect, it did not promote periodontal tissue regeneration within 60 days of observation.(AU)
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de membrana moldável constituída por hidroxiapatita (60%) e policaprolactona (40%) como tratamento da doença periodontal, induzida experimentalmente em cães. Um defeito ósseo de dimensões padronizadas foi realizado entre as raízes do terceiro e do quarto pré-molares de 12 cães para indução da doença periodontal. Todos os cães receberam tratamento padrão para doença periodontal, e seis desses animais foram tratados também com a aplicação da membrana sobre o defeito. Os animais foram acompanhados clinicamente durante o experimento. Radiografias foram realizadas no pós-operatório e aos 60 dias após o início do tratamento. O nível clínico de inserção também foi avaliado nesses momentos. Aos 60 dias, a amostra dental de todos os animais contendo o dente, o defeito e os tecidos periodontais foi coletada, fixada em formol e analisada por microtomografia e histologia. Durante o período experimental, os animais não apresentaram dor e secreção purulenta, entretanto houve deiscência em 50% dos animais e exposição de membrana em cinco dos seis animais do grupo tratado. Nível clínico de inserção não apresentou diferença entre os grupos. As imagens radiográficas mostraram radiopacidade igual ao osso alveolar em ambos os grupos. A microtomografia revelou que o grupo controle apresentou maior volume ósseo no defeito em relação ao grupo tratado, no entanto, em todos os animais, a região de furca não foi preenchida por novo osso alveolar. A análise histológica revelou que a invasão por epitélio juncional foi mais discreta no grupo controle. Osso novo foi apenas observado na borda apical do defeito em ambos os grupos. Embora o compósito seja biocompatível e tenha sido capaz de manter o espaço do defeito, ele não promoveu a regeneração dos tecidos periodontais no período de 60 dias de observação.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Materiais Biocompatíveis/uso terapêutico , Regeneração Tecidual Guiada/veterinária , Hidroxiapatitas/uso terapêutico , Doenças Periodontais/veterinária , Modelos Animais , PoliésteresRESUMO
In Brazil, the blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) is a common pet. The faecal microbiota of these birds include a wide variety of bacterial species, the majority of which belong to the Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) clade. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the diversity and abundance of LAB and Bifidobacterium spp. in the cloacae between wild and captive birds and to select, identify and characterise LAB for consideration as a parrot probiotic. Cloacal swabs were collected from 26 wild and 26 captive birds. Bacterial DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA genes were amplified. The numbers of PCR-positive Enterococcus, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus species isolated from wild and captive birds were significantly different (P<0.05). Enterococcus was the most frequently isolated genus, followed by Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Bifidobacterium. Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus coryniformis, Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Bifidobacterium bifidum were the most frequently isolated species from all birds. This study increases our understanding of the faecal microbiota, and may help to improve the nutrition and habitat management of captive and wild parrots. The bacterial population identified in the faecal microbiota of clinically healthy wild and captive parrots can serve as a database to analyse variations in the gut microbiota of pathogen-infected parrots and to develop probiotics specific to these genera.
Assuntos
Bifidobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Biodiversidade , Fezes/microbiologia , Lactobacillales/isolamento & purificação , Papagaios , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Bifidobacterium/classificação , Bifidobacterium/genética , Bifidobacterium/fisiologia , Brasil , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Lactobacillales/classificação , Lactobacillales/genética , Lactobacillales/fisiologia , Probióticos/isolamento & purificação , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
AIM: To assess the immediate influence of dentine bonding systems (DBS) associated with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on glass-fibre post-bond strength to root dentine, in terms of coronal, middle and apical thirds. METHODOLOGY: Sixty bovine roots were root filled and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups (n = 10): SBMP (3-step etch-and-rinse system, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose), SB (2-step etch-and-rinse system, Single Bond 2), SE (2-step self-etching system, Clearfil SE Bond) and SBMP-CHX, SB-CHX and SE-CHX, respectively, associated with CHX. For all groups, a glass-fibre post was luted with a dual-cure resin cement, RelyX ARC. After 7-day storage, specimens were subjected to the push-out test. Failure modes were analysed under optical microscopy (40x). Bond strength values were statistically analysed by two-way anova and Bonferroni tests (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The effect of DBS was significant (P < 0.05), and SE reached higher bond strength in comparison with the other DBS tested. CHX association did not show improvement with any DBS (P > 0.05); rather, it negatively affected SE, which was detected for all thirds. There was no difference between thirds (P > 0.05), except for the SE-CHX, which presented lower values for the apical third (P < 0.05). Adhesive cement/dentine adhesive failure was predominant for all groups. CHX did not influence the failure mode for any DBS (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the dentine bonding systems was material dependent. CHX did not improve immediate bond strength; however, CHX negatively affected the bond strength of the self-etching system, especially in the third apical.