RESUMO
The objective of this study is to retrospectively report the results of interventions for controlling a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) outbreak in a tertiary-care pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a University Hospital. After identification of the outbreak, interventions were made at the following levels: patient care, microbiological surveillance, and medical and nursing staff training. Data were collected from computer-based databases and from the electronic prescription system. Vancomycin use progressively increased after March 2008, peaking in August 2009. Five cases of VRE infection were identified, with 3 deaths. After the interventions, we noted a significant reduction in vancomycin prescription and use (75 percent reduction), and the last case of VRE infection was identified 4 months later. The survivors remained colonized until hospital discharge. After interventions there was a transient increase in PICU length-of-stay and mortality. Since then, the use of vancomycin has remained relatively constant and strict, no other cases of VRE infection or colonization have been identified and length-of-stay and mortality returned to baseline. In conclusion, we showed that a bundle intervention aiming at a strict control of vancomycin use and full compliance with the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee guidelines, along with contact precautions and hand-hygiene promotion, can be effective in reducing vancomycin use and the emergence and spread of vancomycin-resistant bacteria in a tertiary-care PICU.
Assuntos
Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/prevenção & controle , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Resistência a Vancomicina , Vancomicina/administração & dosagem , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Hospitais Universitários , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The objective of this study is to retrospectively report the results of interventions for controlling a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) outbreak in a tertiary-care pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a University Hospital. After identification of the outbreak, interventions were made at the following levels: patient care, microbiological surveillance, and medical and nursing staff training. Data were collected from computer-based databases and from the electronic prescription system. Vancomycin use progressively increased after March 2008, peaking in August 2009. Five cases of VRE infection were identified, with 3 deaths. After the interventions, we noted a significant reduction in vancomycin prescription and use (75% reduction), and the last case of VRE infection was identified 4 months later. The survivors remained colonized until hospital discharge. After interventions there was a transient increase in PICU length-of-stay and mortality. Since then, the use of vancomycin has remained relatively constant and strict, no other cases of VRE infection or colonization have been identified and length-of-stay and mortality returned to baseline. In conclusion, we showed that a bundle intervention aiming at a strict control of vancomycin use and full compliance with the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee guidelines, along with contact precautions and hand-hygiene promotion, can be effective in reducing vancomycin use and the emergence and spread of vancomycin-resistant bacteria in a tertiary-care PICU.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/prevenção & controle , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Resistência a Vancomicina , Vancomicina/administração & dosagem , Criança , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Masculino , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The major stress response to critical illness leads to a catabolic state and loss of lean body mass. AIMS: To test whether an increased rate of creatinine excretion might provide unique and timely information to monitor cell catabolism; to relate this information to balances of cell constituents (nitrogen, potassium, phosphate and magnesium); to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional therapy to reverse this catabolic process. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. METHODS: Children with severe traumatic brain injury admitted to the paediatric critical care units of The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada and Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil were studied. Complete 24 h urine collections were obtained for measurement of creatinine excretion rate and daily balances of nitrogen, potassium, phosphate and magnesium. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were studied for 3-10 days. On Day 1, all had negative balances for protein and phosphate. Balances for these intracellular constituents became positive when protein intake was >/=1 g/kg/day and energy intake was >/=50% of estimated energy expenditure (P < 0.0001). Creatinine excretion rate was positively correlated with the urea appearance rate (r = 0.60; P < 0.0001), and negatively with protein balance (r = -0.45; P < 0.0001). Sepsis developed in four patients; before its clinical detection, there were negative balances for all intracellular markers and an abrupt rise in the excretion of creatinine. CONCLUSION: Negative balances of intracellular components and an increase in rate of creatinine excretion heralded the onset of catabolism.