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OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect and safety of IV lipid emulsion in rabbits with acute ivermectin toxicosis. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: University research facility. ANIMALS: Twenty-four healthy male adult New Zealand rabbits. INTERVENTIONS: Three groups of rabbits (IV, IV_RL, and IV_LE) received 80 mg/kg of ivermectin (8 mL/kg) through a nasogastric tube, and 1 group (LE) received an equivalent volume (8 mL/kg) of 0.9% sodium chloride. Group IV_RL was treated with Ringer's lactate (2 mL/kg bolus, followed by 0.25 mL/kg/min for 60 minutes), whereas groups IV_LE and LE received 20% lipid emulsion. The rabbits were submitted to clinical and neurological evaluation, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. All animals were euthanized, and tissue samples were collected and processed for histopathological evaluation and ivermectin quantification. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: All animals exposed to ivermectin manifested clinical changes consistent with toxicosis, but the ones that received IV lipid emulsion infusion showed no significant clinical improvement. Intense increase in serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations was seen after ivermectin exposure, along with increased urea and creatinine concentrations, but the last 2 remained within the reference range. Lipid emulsion caused an intense increase in triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations. No pathological abnormalities were seen in the organs sampled. Toxicological analysis showed greater ivermectin concentration in adipose tissue and liver, followed by kidney and, finally, brain. The treatments did not change ivermectin tissue concentration. CONCLUSIONS: When given to rabbits intoxicated with ivermectin, IV lipid emulsion was biochemically and histologically safe but was not effective in treating, delaying, or reversing clinical signs and progression, nor did it alter ivermectin tissue concentration.

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Devido aos altos índices de resistência dos parasitas aos diferentes princípios ativos comerciais, novas alternativas de controle vêm sendo estudadas, entre elas a fitoterapia. Essas medidas visam a busca de métodos auxiliares no controle das parasitoses, entretanto, muitos produtos estão disponíveis no mercado e não têm comprovação científica de sua eficácia ou de possíveis efeitos colaterais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos hematológicos e hepáticos após a administração de torta de Neem (Azadirachta indica) em ovinos. Foram testadas três dosagens da torta de Neem adicionada ao sal mineral (1, 2 e 4%), administradas por 126 dias para 32 ovinos da raça Lacaune, divididos em quatro grupos sendo três grupos para os diferentes tratamentos e um controle, o qual recebeu somente sal mineral. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas a cada 21 dias para realização do hemograma completo, dosagem de proteína plasmática total e fibrinogênio e avaliação da bioquímica clínica hepática. Nestas mesmas ocasiões, amostras de fezes foram coletadas para a quantificação de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre momentos e grupos para diversas variáveis, porém sem estarem relacionadas à administração de torta de Neem. Os resultados obtidos de hemograma completo, dosagem de proteína plasmática total, fibrinogênio e de bioquímica clínica hepática indicaram que a administração de torta de Neem nas concentrações de 1, 2 e 4%, não interfere nos valores hematológicos, nem sobre a integridade e função hepática de ovinos da raça Lacaune.

Due to high levels of parasite resistance to different commercial active ingredients, new control alternatives are being studied, including the phytotherapy. These measures aim to search for auxiliary methods in the control of parasitic diseases. However, there are many products available in the market and there are no scientific proof of its efficacy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hematological and hepatic effects following administration of Neem pie (Azadirachta indica) in sheep. Three concentrations of Neem cake was added to the mineral salt (1, 2 and 4%) and administered during 126 days to 32 Lacaune breed sheeps, divided into four groups: three groups for different treatments and a and a control were tested, the ladder receiving only mineral salt. Blood samples were taken every 21 days to perform the complete blood count, serum total plasma protein and fibrinogen and liver biochemical evaluation. In those same times, fecal samples were collected for quantification of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). Statistical differences between times and groups for several variables were observed, but without being related to the administration of Neem pie. The results of complete blood count, measurement of total plasma protein, fibrinogen and hepatic clinical biochemistry indicated that administration of Neem pie at concentrations of 1, 2 and 4%, does not interfere in hematological values, or on the integrity and liver function Lacaune sheep breed.

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BACKGROUND: This study evaluated and compared cardiorespiratory and blood gas parameters, as well as sedation, analgesia and recovery of two protocols: ketamine (10 mg/kg) or dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg), with midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg), IM (KBM and DBM, respectively) in brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve brown howler monkeys were selected in two groups and evaluated for cardiorespiratory parameters and sedation, from 5-30 minutes after latency. Blood gas and arterial lactate were taken at 5 and 30 minutes. In the end, time and quality of recovery were evaluated. RESULTS: The HR in DBM group was significantly lower at all times. The sedation score was higher in DBM. Recovery in DBM was faster. All animals had moderate hypoxaemia. CONCLUSION: Both protocols produce satisfactory anaesthesia and analgesia, but DBM provides deeper sedation with faster recovery. Oxygen supplementation is recommended in both due to hypoxaemia.

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Abstract Rangelia vitalii is a haemoparasite that infects erythrocytes, white blood cells and the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of blood capillaries of canids in South America, and has been detected in both domestic dogs and sylvatic canids. Hepatozoon canis is a parasite that infects neutrophils and monocytes of many mammalian hosts. This study reports the infection of Lycalopex gymnocercus from Santa Catarina, Brazil, with R. vitalii and H. canis. The piroplasm was observed on both blood smears and molecular tests. Many large piroplasms were detected inside the erythrocytes, with round, oval, or teardrop-shaped organism, that occurred singly or in pairs. They had an abundant, pale blue cytoplasm and decentral dark red small nucleus. The animal was also infected with H. canis that was detected only by molecular tests. The majority of haematological and biochemistry parameters were within the reference values for domestic dog and wild canids.

Resumo Rangelia vitalii é um hemoparasita que infecta eritrócitos, macrófagos e células endoteliais de canídeos na América do Sul, e vem sendo detectado tanto em cães domésticos quanto em canídeos silvestres. Hepatozoon canis é um parasita que infecta monócitos e neutrófilos de mamíferos. No presente estudo, é descrita a infecção de Lycalopex gymnocercus, proveniente de Santa Catarina, Brasil, por R. vitalii e H. canis. O piroplasma foi diagnosticado nos esfregaços sanguíneos e por técnicas moleculares. Nos eritrócitos foram observados vários merozoítos grandes, ovais, arredondados ou em forma de gota, ocorrendo isoladamente ou em pares. Estes piroplasmas apresentavam citoplasma abundante, corado em azul claro, com núcleo pequeno, avermelhado e descentralizado. O animal apresentou coinfecção com H. canis, que foi diagnosticado somente pelos testes moleculares. A maior parte dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos do animal estava dentro dos valores de referência para cães domésticos e canídeos silvestres.

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Rangelia vitalii is a haemoparasite that infects erythrocytes, white blood cells and the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of blood capillaries of canids in South America, and has been detected in both domestic dogs and sylvatic canids. Hepatozoon canis is a parasite that infects neutrophils and monocytes of many mammalian hosts. This study reports the infection of Lycalopex gymnocercus from Santa Catarina, Brazil, with R. vitalii and H. canis. The piroplasm was observed on both blood smears and molecular tests. Many large piroplasms were detected inside the erythrocytes, with round, oval, or teardrop-shaped organism, that occurred singly or in pairs. They had an abundant, pale blue cytoplasm and decentral dark red small nucleus. The animal was also infected with H. canis that was detected only by molecular tests. The majority of haematological and biochemistry parameters were within the reference values for domestic dog and wild canids.(AU)

Rangelia vitalii é um hemoparasita que infecta eritrócitos, macrófagos e células endoteliais de canídeos na América do Sul, e vem sendo detectado tanto em cães domésticos quanto em canídeos silvestres. Hepatozoon canis é um parasita que infecta monócitos e neutrófilos de mamíferos. No presente estudo, é descrita a infecção de Lycalopex gymnocercus, proveniente de Santa Catarina, Brasil, por R. vitalii e H. canis. O piroplasma foi diagnosticado nos esfregaços sanguíneos e por técnicas moleculares. Nos eritrócitos foram observados vários merozoítos grandes, ovais, arredondados ou em forma de gota, ocorrendo isoladamente ou em pares. Estes piroplasmas apresentavam citoplasma abundante, corado em azul claro, com núcleo pequeno, avermelhado e descentralizado. O animal apresentou coinfecção com H. canis, que foi diagnosticado somente pelos testes moleculares. A maior parte dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos do animal estava dentro dos valores de referência para cães domésticos e canídeos silvestres.(AU)

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Rangelia vitalii is a haemoparasite that infects erythrocytes, white blood cells and the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of blood capillaries of canids in South America, and has been detected in both domestic dogs and sylvatic canids. Hepatozoon canis is a parasite that infects neutrophils and monocytes of many mammalian hosts. This study reports the infection of Lycalopex gymnocercus from Santa Catarina, Brazil, with R. vitalii and H. canis. The piroplasm was observed on both blood smears and molecular tests. Many large piroplasms were detected inside the erythrocytes, with round, oval, or teardrop-shaped organism, that occurred singly or in pairs. They had an abundant, pale blue cytoplasm and decentral dark red small nucleus. The animal was also infected with H. canis that was detected only by molecular tests. The majority of haematological and biochemistry parameters were within the reference values for domestic dog and wild canids.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Nerium oleander L. (OLE) has been used medicinally and is reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. OLE effects are caused by different cardiac glycosides (CG), primarily oleandrin, found within the plant. CG can potentially impair sodium-potassium ATPase (NKA) pump activity and cause positive inotropic effects on the heart. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential arrhythmogenic effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from N. oleander (OLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: OLE hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained from N. oleander leaves and analyzed by HPLC. In vivo experiments with guinea pigs consisted if oral administration of water, 150mg/kg and 300mg/kg OLE extract. Clinical signs and ECG analysis were evaluated. Sample tissues from the heart were processed for histopathological and ultra-structural analysis. Autonomic effects were assessed through pharmacological blockade and ECG monitoring. In vitro experiments were conducted with isolated ventricular myocytes from adult mice. The effects of OLE extract on cardiac excitability, Na+/K+ pump current and global Ca2+ transients were evaluated. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that OLE hydroalcoholic extract elicited severe cardiac arrhythmias that can lead to death with minimal tissue damage. In vitro experiments suggest that OLE causes electromechanical disturbances in the heart due to inhibition of Na+/K+ pump, mitochondrial swelling, and modulation of the sarco(endo)plasmic Ca2+ ATPase without interfering with the autonomic nervous system. Thus, arrhythmias and electrical conduction disturbances promoted by OLE are mainly associated with impaired cardiomyocyte dysfunction, rather than anatomical tissue remodeling and/or autonomic modulation. CONCLUSION: Our data revealed the potential cardiotoxicity and positive inotropic effect of OLE and its important role in modulation of electrophysiology in cardiomyocytes.

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Cottonseed cake contains gossypol, a potentially toxic compound that, when consumed by sheep, can affect reproduction, the immune system, and the liver. Changes in hematologic and serum biochemical parameters were monitored for 63 days in 12 Santa Inês ewes, six of which received ration containing 400 g kg(-1) of cottonseed cake. Blood samples were collected at the start of the experiment and weekly thereafter for hematologic assessment and determination of serum urea, creatinine, total protein, and albumin concentrations and for measurement of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transferase activities. No clinical signs of toxicity were observed. Evaluation of the erythron showed that sheep consuming cottonseed cake had an increased packed cell volume (p < 0.05) and increased erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin concentrations (p < 0.05) in the leukogram and serum biochemistry panel. In conclusion, consumption of 400 g kg(-1) cottonseed cake by sheep for 63 days may induce changes in the erythron but no consistent changes in serum biochemical parameters, indicating no damage to the liver or kidneys.

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Os objetivos deste estudo são a avaliação dos efeitos de duas taxas fixas de infusão continua de remifentanil na concentração expirada de isoflurano (ETiso) em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia. Foram utilizadas 18 cadelas, 12+2 anos de idade e pesando 15+5 Kg. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos (n=6/grupo) e submetidos à mastectomia unilateral devido a neoplasia mamária. Todos os animais foram pré-medicados com morfina (0,5 mg Kg-1) e acepromazina (0,03 mg Kg-1), ambas por via intramuscular (IM). A indução da anestesia foi realizada com propofol (dose-efeito). Os animais foram intubados e conectados a um sistema circular com reinalação de gases. Foi utilizada ventilação com pressão positiva intermitente para manutenção de normocapnia com fluxo de oxigênio de 2 L/min e FiO2 de 100%. A anestesia foi mantida com isoflurano e solução salina (grupo controle [GCON], n=6) ou infusão intravenosa de remifentanil na taxa de 0,15 ?g Kg-1min-1 (REMI 0,15 n=6) ou 0,3 ?g Kg-1min-1 (REMI 0,3 n=6). As variáveis cardiovasculares e a ETiso foram monitoradas antes e a cada 15 minutos após o início da cirurgia. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA com repetições múltiplas para comparações entre momentos e ANOVA seguida de teste Student Newman Keuls (p£0.05) para comparações entre grupos. A frequência cardíaca foi menor em todos os momentos nos grupos REMI 0,15 e REMI 0,3 em comparação com GCON, sendo que não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas para essa variável entre os dois grupos com infusão de remifentanil. Adicionalmente, os valores de pressão arterial (PAS, PAM e PAD) não apresentaram diferenças entre grupos. Os valores basais (antes da cirurgia) de ETiso não apresentaram diferenças entre os 3 grupos. Após o início da cirurgia, a ETiso variou entre 1,37±0,3 e 1,05±0,19 no grupo controle; nos grupos REMI 0,15 e REMI 0,3 a ETiso foi 36,5% e 65,7% menor que no grupo controle (M15).[...](AU)

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of two constant rate infusions of remifentanil on end tidal isoflurane (ETiso) in dogs undergoing mastectomy surgery. Eighteen bitches, 12+2 years of age, weighing 15+5 Kg were randomized into 3 groups (n=6/group) and underwent unilateral mastectomy due to mammary neoplasia. All animals received the premedications of morphine (0.5 mg Kg-1) and acepromazine (0.03 mg Kg-1) by intramuscular route (IM). Propofol dose-effect was used for induction of anesthesia. The animals were intubated and connected to a circle breathing system, and IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) was used to maintain normocapnia with an oxygen flow rate of 2 L/min and FiO2 100%. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and saline solution (control group [GCON], n=6) or intravenous infusion of remifentanil at a rate of 0.15 ?g Kg-1min-1 (REMI 0.15 n=6) or 0.3 ?g Kg-1min-1 (REMI 0.3 n=6). Cardiopulmonary variables and ETiso were monitored before and every 15 minutes after the start of surgery. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with multiple repetitions between moments and ANOVA followed by the Student Newman Keuls test (p£0.05) for comparisons between groups. Heart rate was lower at all moments in the REMI 0.15 and REMI 0.3 groups than in the GCON, and heart rate was not significantly different between the two remifentanil infusion groups. Additionally, the arterial blood pressure values (SAP, MAP and DAP) were not different between all groups. Baseline values (before surgery) of ETiso were not different between the 3 groups. After the start of surgery, ETiso ranged from 1.37±0.3 to 1.05±0.19 in the control group; in the REMI 0.15 and REMI 0.3 groups, ETiso was 36.5% and 65.7% lower than in the control group (M15). Remifentanil infusion reduced ETiso in a dose-dependent manner in animals undergoing radical mastectomy without causing significant cardiopulmonary alterations.(AU)

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Acute stress induced by physical restraint can interfere with the validity of laboratory findings. Sedation could minimize such stress. However, it is not known whether sedation can affect hematologic and hemostatic parameters in cats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate hematologic and hemostatic parameters in domestic cats subjected to physical restraint in addition to one of two sedation protocols. In total, 50 cats were subjected to physical restraint and were then randomly divided into two groups of 25 animals, receiving dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) and butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg; DB group) or dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg), butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg) and ketamine (3 mg/kg; DBK group). The cats were assessed for acute stress, sedation level, onset of sedation and duration of sedation. Blood samples were collected after handling and after sedation. The complete blood count (CBC), platelet count, buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT), whole-blood clotting time, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and thrombin time (TT) were determined for each sample, before and after chemical restraint. No statistically significant differences were found in the hematologic parameters. Certain hemostatic parameters (PT, aPTT and TT) were higher in the DB group (P <0.05). The onset of sedation was similar in the two groups, and the duration of sedation was longer in the DBK group. Both sedation protocols were effective for short-duration chemical restraint for blood collection from the studied cats, and no clinically relevant effects on hematologic or hemostatic parameters were detected.

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