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INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common problem in children under 5 years of age and is one of the main indications for endoscopy. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic characteristics of patients with FB ingestion, as well as the factors associated with the anatomic location and the type of object ingested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with FB ingestion seen at the gastroenterology service from January 2013 to December 2018. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program, obtaining frequencies, percentages, medians, and interquartile ranges. Associations were assessed through the chi-square test. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients (52 males and 33 females) were included, with a median age of 4 years. The most common symptom was vomiting (29.4%). Two radiographic projections were carried out in 72.9% of the cases and the stomach was the site where the FB was most frequently visualized (32.9%). The objects most commonly ingested were coins (36%), with esophageal location (p<0.05), as well as objects with a diameter larger than 2cm (p<0.05). An endoscopic procedure was performed on 76 patients (89.4%) for FB extraction, with findings of erythema (28.9%), erosion (48.6%), ulcer (10.5%) and perforation (1.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Numerous factors should be taken into account in the approach to FB ingestion in pediatric patients, including type and size of the FB, time interval from ingestion to hospital arrival, and patient clinical status and age.

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INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Post-fundoplication dysphagia is resolved with no therapeutic intervention in the majority of cases but it can persist in 5.3% of children that undergo the procedure. Among the differential diagnoses, esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is a disorder that should be suspected if there is a persistence of dysphagia. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical characteristics, treatment, and follow-up in a case series of patients diagnosed with post-fundoplication EGJOO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical records of patients diagnosed with EGJOO at a tertiary care hospital within the time frame of September 2015 to September 2019 were reviewed, with respect to manometry, etiology, treatment, and clinical course of the disease. RESULTS: Of the 213 high-resolution esophageal manometries performed, 4 patients met the criteria for post-fundoplication EGJOO. The primary symptom was dysphagia, presenting 15 days after the procedure. Esophageal dilations were carried out on all the patients but with no improvement. Symptoms related to the condition resolved spontaneously in three of the four patients. CONCLUSION: The management of children with post-fundoplication EGJOO continues to be a challenge. Even though more than half of the cases resolve with no intervention, optimum management of the motility disorder is still limited, given the scant experience with the condition in the pediatric population.

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INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common problem in children under 5 years of age and is one of the main indications for endoscopy. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic characteristics of patients with FB ingestion, as well as the factors associated with the anatomic location and the type of object ingested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with FB ingestion seen at the gastroenterology service from January 2013 to December 2018. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program, obtaining frequencies, percentages, medians, and interquartile ranges. Associations were assessed through the chi-square test. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients (52 males and 33 females) were included, with a median age of 4 years. The most common symptom was vomiting (29.4%). Two radiographic projections were carried out in 72.9% of the cases and the stomach was the site where the FB was most frequently visualized (32.9%). The objects most commonly ingested were coins (36%), with esophageal location (p <0.05), as well as objects with a diameter larger than 2cm (p <0.05). An endoscopic procedure was performed on 76 patients (89.4%) for FB extraction, with findings of erythema (28.9%), erosion (48.6%), ulcer (10.5%) and perforation (1.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Numerous factors should be taken into account in the approach to FB ingestion in pediatric patients, including type and size of the FB, time interval from ingestion to hospital arrival, and patient clinical status and age.

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One hundred and twenty Cobb 500 hens, 20 wk of age, were randomly allocated into individual cages with the objective of estimating their Zn requirements. The study was composed of 3 phases: adaptation to cages (basal diet), depletion (deficient diet containing 18.7 ± 0.47 ppm Zn) for 7 wk, and experimental phases. Hens were fed diets with graded increments of Zn sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O), totaling 18.7 ± 0.47, 50.3 ± 10.6, 77.3.0 ± 11.0, 110.2 ± 12.8, 140 ± 12.2, and 170.6 ± 13.2 ppm analyzed Zn in feeds for 12 wk (experimental phase). Requirements of Zn were done using quadratic polynomial (QP), broken line quadratic (BLQ), and exponential asymptotic (EA) models. In general, the non-linear statistical models were the ones that best fit the results in this study. Requirements obtained for hen day egg production and settable egg production were 83.3, 78.6 ppm and 61.4, 65.4 ppm for period of 33 to 36 wk, and 63.3, 53.1 and 60.4, 46.1 ppm for period of 37 to 40 wk, and 62.8, 52.8, and 67.7, 62.1 ppm for period of 41 to 44 wk, respectively, using BLQ and EA models. Total eggs and total settable eggs produced per hen had Zn requirements estimated as 75.7, 64.7 ppm, and 56.5, 41.5 ppm, respectively, for BLQ and EA models, whereas for alkaline phosphatase and eggshell percentage were 161.8, 124.9 ppm and 126.1, 122.4 ppm, using QP and BLQ models. Maximum responses for Zn in yolk for periods of 37 to 40 and 41 to 44 wk were 71.0, 78.1 and 64.5, 59.6 ppm, respectively, using BLQ and EA models. Breaking strength had Zn requirements estimated at 68.0 and 96.7 ppm, whereas eggshell palisade layer and eggshell thickness were maximized with 67.9, 67.9 ppm, and 67.7, 64.4 ppm, respectively, for BLQ and EA models. The average of all Zn requirement estimates obtained by EA and BLQ models in the present study was 72.28 ppm or 11.1 mg/hen/d.

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Objetivou-se comparar os parâmetros morfogênicos de pastagens de milheto e capim sudão na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, manejadas com pastejo contínuo, subdivididos em dois períodos de avaliação. Os tratamentos consistiram em: Milheto = pastagem de milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) e Sudão = pastagem de capim sudão (Sorghum bicolor cv. sudanense); ambos tratamentos submetidos ao pastejo contínuo com vacas de descarte. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com 2 tratamentos e 2 períodos. A altura de dossel (32,69 vs 20,29 cm), taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,147 vs 0,080), número total de folhas por perfilho (4,74 vs 3,06), número de folhas vivas (4,26 vs 2,55), número de folhas jovens (1,92 vs 1,47) e número de folhas adultas (2,34 vs 1,08) foram superiores aos perfilhos de pastagens de milheto, enquanto a taxa de senescência foi superior em perfilhos de capim sudão (0,511cm) do que nos perfilhos de milheto (0,495cm). O número total de folhas (4,28 vs 3,53) e número de folhas mortas (0,58 vs 0,38) foram maiores no ciclo inicial de pastejo. Pastagens de milheto apresentam maior potencial vegetativo, ao pastejo, em comparação a pastagens de capim sudão.

The aim of this study was to compare morphogenetic parameters of sudangrass and millet pastures in the Central Depression of Rio Grande do Sul, managed by continuous grazing. The pastures were subdivided into two periods of evaluation. The treatments consisted of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) and sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor cv. Sudanense), both submitted to continuous grazing by culling cows. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and two periods. The canopy height (32.69 vs 20.29 cm), leaf appearance rate (0.147 vs 0.080), total number of leaves per tiller (4.74 vs 3,06), number of green leaves (4.26 vs 2.55), number of young leaves (1.92 vs 1.47) and number of mature leaves (2.34 vs 1.08) were higher in millet tillers, while the rate of senescence was higher in sudangrass tillers (0.511 cm) compared to millet tillers (0.495 cm). The total number of leaves (4.28 vs 3.53) and the number of dead leaves (0.58 vs 0.38) were higher during the initial grazing cycle. Millet pastures have a greater vegetative growth potential during grazing than sudangrass pastures.

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Objetivou-se comparar os parâmetros morfogênicos de pastagens de milheto e capim sudão na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, manejadas com pastejo contínuo, subdivididos em dois períodos de avaliação. Os tratamentos consistiram em: Milheto = pastagem de milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) e Sudão = pastagem de capim sudão (Sorghum bicolor cv. sudanense); ambos tratamentos submetidos ao pastejo contínuo com vacas de descarte. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com 2 tratamentos e 2 períodos. A altura de dossel (32,69 vs 20,29 cm), taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,147 vs 0,080), número total de folhas por perfilho (4,74 vs 3,06), número de folhas vivas (4,26 vs 2,55), número de folhas jovens (1,92 vs 1,47) e número de folhas adultas (2,34 vs 1,08) foram superiores aos perfilhos de pastagens de milheto, enquanto a taxa de senescência foi superior em perfilhos de capim sudão (0,511cm) do que nos perfilhos de milheto (0,495cm). O número total de folhas (4,28 vs 3,53) e número de folhas mortas (0,58 vs 0,38) foram maiores no ciclo inicial de pastejo. Pastagens de milheto apresentam maior potencial vegetativo, ao pastejo, em comparação a pastagens de capim sudão.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare morphogenetic parameters of sudangrass and millet pastures in the Central Depression of Rio Grande do Sul, managed by continuous grazing. The pastures were subdivided into two periods of evaluation. The treatments consisted of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) and sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor cv. Sudanense), both submitted to continuous grazing by culling cows. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and two periods. The canopy height (32.69 vs 20.29 cm), leaf appearance rate (0.147 vs 0.080), total number of leaves per tiller (4.74 vs 3,06), number of green leaves (4.26 vs 2.55), number of young leaves (1.92 vs 1.47) and number of mature leaves (2.34 vs 1.08) were higher in millet tillers, while the rate of senescence was higher in sudangrass tillers (0.511 cm) compared to millet tillers (0.495 cm). The total number of leaves (4.28 vs 3.53) and the number of dead leaves (0.58 vs 0.38) were higher during the initial grazing cycle. Millet pastures have a greater vegetative growth potential during grazing than sudangrass pastures.(AU)

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We analyzed the organization of the somatosensory and visual cortices of the agouti, a diurnal rodent with a relatively big brain, using a combination of multiunit microelectrode recordings and histological techniques including myelin and cytochrome oxidase staining. We found multiple representations of the sensory periphery in the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. While the agouti's primary (V1) and secondary visual areas seemed to lack any obvious modular arrangement, such as blobs or stripes, which are found in some primates and carnivores, the primary somatosensory area (S1) was internally subdivided in discrete regions, isomorphically associated with peripheral structures. Our results confirm and extend previous reports on this species, and provide additional data to understand how variations in lifestyle can influence brain organization in rodents.

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OBJECTIVE: 1) To determine the frequency of use of the 6-minute walk test in pulmonary rehabilitation programs in Latin America and on the Iberian Peninsula; 2) to identify how the test is performed and possible variations from center to center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 55 pulmonary rehabilitation centers in Latin America, Portugal, and Spain. RESULTS: Forty-nine (89.1%) centers answered the questionnaire. Forty-seven (95.9%) perform a walk test lasting 6 minutes; 22 (46.8%) take the longest distance of 2 tests as the real one; and 35 (74.5%) carry out the test in a corridor. The course distance ranged from 17 to 90 meters, but in 21 (44.7%) centers, the corridor was between 17 and 30 meters long. In 29 (61.7%) centers, the patients are routinely informed about the time that had elapsed during the test. Verbal encouragement is used in 44 (93.6%) centers. Thirty-eight (80.8%) use supplemental oxygen when a patient needs it. An increase in absolute values in the distance covered is used as a parameter indicating improvement at 21 (46.7%) sites while at 15 (33.3%) other centers the percentage increase is taken as a measure of improvement. CONCLUSIONS: The 6-minute walk test is widely used for the evaluation of the exercise capacity at the pulmonary rehabilitation centers of Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. However, there is great variability in the way the test is performed.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi compara as distancias percorridas por idosos no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) com as distencias previstas pelas equacoesde Enrigh & Sherril, de Troosters et al. e de Enrigh et al. Metodo: 38 idosos saudaveis com idade entre 64 e 82 anos realizaram o TC6 duas vezes. A pressao arterial, as frequencias cardiaca e respiratoria e a saturacao de oxigenio foram mrnsuradas antes e ao final do teste. A analise estatistica empregou o coeficiente de correlacao de Pearson, sendo considerado significativo p<0,05. Resultados: os homens percorreram uma distancia de 410,5 metro e as mulheres, de 371,0 metros. As distancias previstas pelas equacoes de Enrigh & Sherril e Troosters et al. correlacionaram-se com as distancias caminhadas pelas mulheres (r=0,7), nao apresentando correlacao estatisticamente significativa com as distancias percorridas pelos homens. As distancias previstas pela equacao de Enrigh et al. correlacionaram-se com as distancias percorridas por homens (r=0,6) e mulheres (r=0,7). Conclusoes: os resultados demonstram que houve grande variacao entre as distancias percorridas por idosos brasileiros e as previstas pelas equacoes, sendo necessaria a realizacao de estudos adicionais para confirmar a aplicabilidade dessas equacoes para a populacao idosa brasileira

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