RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To test the hypotheses that (1) rates of mental health-related concerns presenting to pediatric emergency departments (ED) have increased (2) rates are increasing more in minority than nonminority youth. METHODS: We performed a 5-year retrospective cohort study of youth with mental health-related ED visits using the Pediatric Health Information System. We calculated rates of mental health-related visits, in aggregate and by race/ethnicity. The Poisson model was used to generate incidence rate ratios of unique mental health-related visits each year using census data as the population denominator. RESULTS: There were 242,036 mental health-related visits that met the inclusion criteria, representing 160,656 unique patients. Approximately 7% of unique patients had 3 or more mental health-related visits, differing by race/ethnicity (8.75% non-Hispanic [NH]-Black vs 7.01% NH-White; adjusted odds ratio 1.14 [1.03, 1.26]). Overall, there were 42.8 mental health-related ED visits per 100,000 US children. The NH-Black children had higher rates of visits per 100,000 children compared with NH-Whites (66.1 vs 41.5; adjusted relative risk, 1.54 [1.50-1.59]). Mental health-related visits increased from 2012 to 2016 (33.31 [32.92-33.70] to 49.94 [49.46-50.41]). Every racial/ethnic group experienced an increase in rate of presentation over the study period; Hispanics experienced a significantly larger increase compared with NH-White children (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Mental health-related ED visits among children are increasing overall, disproportionally affecting minority children. The NH-Black children have the highest visit rates, and rates among Hispanics are increasing at a significantly higher rate when compared with NH-Whites. These results indicate need for increased capacity of EDs to manage mental health-related complaints, especially among minority populations.
Assuntos
Etnicidade , Saúde Mental , Adolescente , Criança , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Importance: The number of children who were born to mothers with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy but who did not have apparent disability at birth is large, warranting the study of the risk for neurodevelopmental impairment in this population without congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Objective: To investigate whether infants without CZS but who were exposed to ZIKV in utero have normal neurodevelopmental outcomes until 18 months of age. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study prospectively enrolled a group of pregnant women with ZIKV in Atlántico Department, Colombia, and in Washington, DC. With this cohort, we performed a longitudinal study of infant neurodevelopment. Infants born between August 1, 2016, and November 30, 2017, were included if they were live born, had normal fetal brain findings on magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography, were normocephalic at birth, and had normal examination results without clinical evidence of CZS. Seventy-seven infants born in Colombia, but 0 infants born in the United States, met the inclusion criteria. Exposures: Prenatal ZIKV exposure. Main Outcomes and Measures: Infant development was assessed by the Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills (WIDEA) and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) at 1 or 2 time points between 4 and 18 months of age. The WIDEA and AIMS scores were converted to z scores compared with normative samples. Longitudinal mixed-effects regression models based on bootstrap resampling methods estimated scores over time, accounting for gestational age at maternal ZIKV infection and infant age at assessment. Results were presented as slope coefficients with 2-tailed P values based on z statistics that tested whether the coefficient differed from 0 (no change). Results: Of the 77 Colombian infants included in this cohort study, 70 (91%) had no CZS and underwent neurodevelopmental assessments. Forty infants (57%) were evaluated between 4 and 8 months of age at a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 5.9 (5.3-6.5) months, and 60 (86%) underwent assessment between 9 and 18 months of age at a median (IQR) age of 13.0 (11.2-16.4) months. The WIDEA total score (coefficients: age = -0.227 vs age2 = 0.006; P < .003) and self-care domain score (coefficients: age = -0.238 vs age2 = 0.01; P < .008) showed curvilinear associations with age. Other domain scores showed linear declines with increasing age based on coefficients for communication (-0.036; P = .001), social cognition (-0.10; P < .001), and mobility (-0.14; P < .001). The AIMS scores were similar to the normative sample over time (95% CI, -0.107 to 0.037; P = .34). Nineteen of 57 infants (33%) who underwent postnatal cranial ultrasonography had a nonspecific, mild finding. No difference was found in the decline of WIDEA z scores between infants with and those without cranial ultrasonography findings except for a complex interactive relationship involving the social cognition domain (P < .049). The AIMS z scores were lower in infants with nonspecific cranial ultrasonography findings (-0.49; P = .07). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that infants with in utero ZIKV exposure without CZS appeared at risk for abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes in the first 18 months of life. Long-term neurodevelopmental surveillance of all newborns with ZIKV exposure is recommended.
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Sistema Nervoso , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Alberta , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Longitudinais , Sistema Nervoso/embriologia , Sistema Nervoso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Malformações do Sistema Nervoso , GravidezRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To compare regional cerebellar microstructure, as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), between preterm infants at term-equivalent age and healthy term-born control neonates, and to explore associations between DTI findings and clinical risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: In this case-control study, DTI studies were performed in 73 premature infants born ≤32 weeks and ≤1500 g birth weight and 73 full-term-born controls from healthy pregnancies. Using a region of interest approach, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were extracted in 7 cerebellar regions including the anterior vermis, the right/left superior cerebellar peduncles, the middle cerebellar peduncle, and the dentate nuclei. To validate further our DTI measurements, we measured FA and MD in the genu of the corpus callosum and splenium. FA and MD were compared between groups using analyses of multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: Preterm infants at term-equivalent age presented with higher FA in the dentate nuclei (<.001) and middle cerebellar peduncle (.028), and lower MD in the vermis (.023) compared with controls. Conversely, preterm infants showed reduced FA and increased MD in both the genu of the corpus callosum and splenium (P < .001). Independent risk factors associated with altered FA and MD in the cerebellum included low Apgar score, supratentorial injury, compromised cardiorespiratory function, and surgery for necrotizing enterocolitis and patent ductus arteriosus. CONCLUSIONS: This DTI study provides evidence that complications of premature birth are associated with altered cerebellar microstructural organization when compared with term-born control infants.
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Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão/métodos , Anisotropia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cerebelo/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Nascimento Prematuro , Nascimento a TermoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of specific health messages on the decisions of African American parents regarding soft bedding use, specifically related to the high degree of self-efficacy that African American parents have with regards to preventing infant suffocation vs low self-efficacy with regards to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) risk reduction. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial of African American mothers of infants. The control group received standard messaging emphasizing safe sleep practices recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for the purposes of SIDS risk reduction. The intervention group received enhanced messaging emphasizing safe sleep practices for both SIDS risk reduction and suffocation prevention. Participants completed interviews at 2-3 weeks, 2-3 months, and 5-6 months after the infant's birth. RESULTS: Of 1194 mothers enrolled, 637 completed all interviews. The use of soft bedding both in the past week and last night declined with age (P < .001). Infants in the enhanced group had a lower rate of use of soft bedding in the past week (P = .006) and last night (P = .013). Mothers who received the enhanced message were more likely to state that they avoided soft bedding to protect their infant from suffocation. CONCLUSIONS: African American mothers who receive an enhanced message about SIDS risk reduction and suffocation prevention are less likely to use soft bedding in their infant's sleep environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01361880.
Assuntos
Asfixia/prevenção & controle , Roupas de Cama, Mesa e Banho , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Cuidado do Lactente/métodos , Comportamento Materno , Morte Súbita do Lactente/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Asfixia/etnologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde/etnologia , Humanos , Lactente , Cuidado do Lactente/instrumentação , Cuidado do Lactente/psicologia , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Poder Familiar , Autoeficácia , Método Simples-Cego , Morte Súbita do Lactente/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To improve prediction of sickle cell anemia severity at an early age, we evaluated whether absolute reticulocyte count (ARC) or hemoglobin (Hb) levels during early infancy (2-6 months of age) in patients with sickle cell anemia predict the risk of later developing an abnormal (abTCD) or conditional (cdTCD) Transcranial Doppler (TCD). STUDY DESIGN: We used chart review to identify 121 consecutive patients who underwent TCD screening and had steady state ARC and Hb levels recorded between 2 and 6 months of age. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between ARC, Hb levels, and risk of developing cdTCD/abTCD over time. RESULTS: Mean ARC in early infancy was highest and mean Hb lowest in those children with abTCDs and cdTCDs. Cox regression analysis revealed that those subjects with an ARC ≥200 K/µL in early infancy had nearly 3 times the risk of having an abTCD/cdTCD than the group with an ARC <200 K/µL, and patients with a Hb <8.5 g/dL had 2.7 times the risk of having an abTCD/cdTCD. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that both elevated ARC and low baseline Hb during early infancy are associated with an increased risk of developing a cdTCD or abTCD later in childhood.
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Anemia Falciforme/sangue , Anemia Falciforme/complicações , Anemia/etiologia , Reticulocitose , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Prognóstico , Contagem de Reticulócitos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare global and regional cerebral perfusion in newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD) and healthy controls using arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to open heart surgery. STUDY DESIGN: We performed brain MRIs in 101 newborns (58 controls, 43 CHD) using 3-dimensional fast spin echo pseudo-continuous ASL. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) ASL images were linearly coregistered to T2-weighted images for anatomic delineation and selection of regions-of-interest. Anatomic regions included frontal white matter (FWM), occipital white matter (OWM), thalami, and basal ganglia (BG). RESULTS: Newborns with single ventricle CHD demonstrated significantly lower global (P = .044) and regional BG (P = .025) CBF compared with controls. Mean regional CBF in the thalami in cyanotic newborns with CHD was lower compared with controls (P = .004). Mean regional CBF in thalami (P = .02), BG (P = .01), and OWM (P = .03) among newborns with cyanotic CHD was lower than those with acyanotic CHD. Newborns with CHD ventilated prior to MRI had increased global (P = .016) and OWM (P = .013) CBF compared with those not ventilated. CONCLUSIONS: Newborns with uncorrected cyanotic or single ventricle CHD show disturbances in cerebral perfusion compared to healthy controls using ASL. Cardiac physiology and preoperative hemodynamic compromise play an important role in preoperative alterations in global and regional cerebral perfusion. Our data suggest that ASL may be useful for studying cerebral perfusion in newborns at high risk for cerebral ischemia, such as those with complex CHD.
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Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Circulação Cerebrovascular/fisiologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/sangue , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo , Encéfalo/patologia , Isquemia Encefálica/patologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Feminino , Cardiopatias Congênitas/complicações , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Idade Materna , Estudos Prospectivos , Risco , Marcadores de SpinRESUMO
Identical studies using stable isotopes were performed before and after a 3-day trial of oral N-carbamyl-l-glutamate (NCG) in 5 subjects with late-onset carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency. NCG augmented ureagenesis and decreased plasma ammonia in 4 of 5 subjects. There was marked improvement in nitrogen metabolism with long-term NCG administration in 1 subject.
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Doença da Deficiência da Carbamoil-Fosfato Sintase I/tratamento farmacológico , Glutamatos/uso terapêutico , Glutamina/sangue , Ureia/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Amônia/sangue , Doença da Deficiência da Carbamoil-Fosfato Sintase I/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between tissue-specific alterations in brain volume and neurobehavioral status in newborns with complex congenital heart defects preoperatively. STUDY DESIGN: Three-dimensional volumetric magnetic resonance imaging was used to calculate tissue-specific brain volumes and a standardized neurobehavioral assessment was performed to assess neurobehavioral status in 35 full-term newborns admitted to the hospital before cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Multiple linear regression models were performed to evaluate relationships between neurobehavioral status and brain volumes. RESULTS: Reduced subcortical gray matter (SCGM) volume and increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume were associated with poor behavioral state regulation (SCGM, P = .04; CSF, P = .007) and poor visual orienting (CSF, P = .003). In cyanotic newborns, reduced SCGM was associated with higher overall abnormal scores on the assessment (P = .001) and poor behavioral state regulation (P = .04), and increased CSF volume was associated with poor behavioral state regulation (P = .02), and poor visual orienting (P = .02). Conversely, acyanotic newborns showed associations between reduced cerebellar volume and poor behavioral state regulation (P = .03). CONCLUSION: Abnormal neurobehavior is associated with impaired volumetric brain growth before open heart surgery in infants with complex congenital heart defects. This study highlights a need for routine preoperative screening and early intervention to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/etiologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/complicações , Comportamento do Lactente , Lesões Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Ponte Cardiopulmonar , Feminino , Cardiopatias Congênitas/patologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/psicologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Humanos , Interpretação de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento Tridimensional , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Lineares , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Exame Neurológico , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Tamanho do Órgão , Período Pré-Operatório , Estudos Prospectivos , Método Simples-CegoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical course and outcome of patients diagnosed with one of 4 neonatal-onset urea cycle disorders (UCDs): deficiency of carbamyl phosphate synthase 1 (CPSD), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCD), argininosuccinate synthase (ASD), or argininosuccinate lyase (ALD). STUDY DESIGN: Clinical, biochemical, and neuropsychological data from 103 subjects with neonatal-onset UCDs were derived from the Longitudinal Study of Urea Cycle Disorders, an observational protocol of the Urea Cycle Disorders Consortium, one of the Rare Disease Clinical Research Networks. RESULTS: Some 88% of the subjects presented clinically by age 7 days. Peak ammonia level was 963 µM in patients with proximal UCDs (CPSD or OTCD), compared with 589 µM in ASD and 573 µM in ALD. Roughly 25% of subjects with CPSD or OTCD, 18% of those with ASD, and 67% of those with ALD had a "honeymoon period," defined as the time interval from discharge from initial admission to subsequent admission for hyperammonemia, greater than 1 year. The proportion of patients with a poor outcome (IQ/Developmental Quotient <70) was greatest in ALD (68%), followed by ASD (54%) and CPSD/OTCD (47%). This trend was not significant, but was observed in both patients aged <4 years and those aged ≥ 4 years. Poor cognitive outcome was not correlated with peak ammonia level or duration of initial admission. CONCLUSION: Neurocognitive outcomes do not differ between patients with proximal UCDs and those with distal UCDs. Factors other than hyperammonemia may contribute to poor neurocognitive outcome in the distal UCDs.
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Distúrbios Congênitos do Ciclo da Ureia/diagnóstico , Pré-Escolar , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Distúrbios Congênitos do Ciclo da Ureia/complicaçõesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine if early serum S100B and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels are associated with neuroradiographic and clinical evidence of brain injury in newborns with encephalopathy. STUDY DESIGN: Patients who received therapeutic whole-body hypothermia were prospectively enrolled in this observational study. Serum specimens were collected at 0, 12, 24, and 72 hours of cooling. S100B and NSE levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in surviving infants at 7-10 days of life. Standardized neurologic examination was performed by a child neurologist at 14 days of life. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between S100B and NSE levels and unfavorable outcome (death or severe magnetic resonance imaging injury/significant neurologic deficit). Cutoff values were determined by receiver operating curve analysis. RESULTS: Newborns with moderate to severe encephalopathy were enrolled (n = 75). Median pH at presentation was 6.9 (range, 6.5-7.35), and median Apgar scores of 1 at 1 minute, 3 at 5 minutes, and 5 at 10 minutes. NSE and S100B levels were higher in patients with unfavorable outcomes across all time points. These results remained statistically significant after controlling for covariables, including encephalopathy grade at presentation, Apgar score at 5 minutes of life, initial pH, and clinical seizures. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum S100B and NSE levels measured during hypothermia were associated with neuroradiographic and clinical evidence of brain injury in encephalopathic newborns. These brain-specific proteins may be useful immediate biomarkers of cerebral injury severity.