RESUMO
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Mexican Americans living in South Texas. We tested plasma for the presence of HCV antibody from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC), a randomized, population-based cohort in an economically disadvantaged Mexican American community on the United States/Mexico border with high rates of chronic disease. A weighted prevalence of HCV antibody of 2·3% [n = 1131, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·2-3·4] was found. Participants with diabetes had low rates of HCV antibody (0·4%, 95% CI 0·0-0·9) and logistic regression revealed a statistically significant negative association between HCV and diabetes (OR 0·20, 95% CI 0·05-0·77) after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. This conflicts with reported positive associations of diabetes and HCV infection. No classic risk factors were identified, but important differences between genders emerged in analysis. This population-based study of HCV in Mexican Americans suggests that national studies do not adequately describe the epidemiology of HCV in this border community and that unique risk factors may be involved.
Assuntos
Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Hepacivirus/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Adulto , Coinfecção/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus/etiologia , Feminino , Hepatite C/virologia , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite C/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Texas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Depression and diabetes commonly co-occur; however, the strength of the physiological effects of diabetes as mediating factors towards depression is uncertain. METHOD: We analyzed extensive clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data from n = 2081 Mexican Americans aged 35-64 years, recruited from the community as part of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC) divided into three groups: Diagnosed (self-reported) diabetes (DD, n = 335), Undiagnosed diabetes (UD, n = 227) and No diabetes (ND, n = 1519). UD participants denied being diagnosed with diabetes, but on testing met the 2010 American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization definitions of diabetes. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression (CES-D) scale. Weighted data were analyzed using dimensional and categorical outcomes using univariate and multivariate models. RESULTS: The DD group had significantly higher CES-D scores than both the ND and UD (p ⩽ 0.001) groups, whereas the ND and UD groups did not significantly differ from each other. The DD subjects were more likely to meet the CES-D cut-off score for depression compared to both the ND and UD groups (p = 0.001), respectively. The UD group was also less likely to meet the cut-off score for depression than the ND group (p = 0.003). Our main findings remained significant in models that controlled for socio-demographic and clinical confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Meeting clinical criteria for diabetes was not sufficient for increased depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that the 'knowing that one is ill' is associated with depressive symptoms in diabetic subjects.
Assuntos
Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/etnologia , Diabetes Mellitus/psicologia , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Autorrelato , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
The epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States prompted us to explore the association between diabetes and tuberculosis (TB) on the South Texas-Mexico border, in a large population of mostly non-hospitalized TB patients. We examined 6 years of retrospective data from all TB patients (n=5049) in South Texas and northeastern Mexico and found diabetes self-reported by 27.8% of Texan and 17.8% of Mexican TB patients, significantly exceeding national self-reported diabetes rates for both countries. Diabetes comorbidity substantially exceeded that of HIV/AIDS. Patients with TB and diabetes were older, more likely to have haemoptysis, pulmonary cavitations, be smear positive at diagnosis, and remain positive at the end of the first (Texas) or second (Mexico) month of treatment. The impact of type 2 diabetes on TB is underappreciated, and in the light of its epidemic status in many countries, it should be actively considered by TB control programmes, particularly in older patients.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Tuberculose/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Texas/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against two African arenaviruses, Lassa virus and Mopeia virus. Competitive binding analysis of MAbs identified four antigenic sites on the nucleoprotein (NP), two on glycoprotein 1 (GP1) and six on glycoprotein 2 (GP2) of the Josiah strain of Lassa virus. 64 virus isolates from western, central and southern Africa were all consistently distinguishable by MAbs to certain epitopic sites on GP1, GP2 and NP viral proteins. Furthermore, MAbs to Lassa virus GP1 and NP uniformly distinguished viruses from the West African countries of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea from those of Nigeria. GP2-directed MAbs to two African arenaviruses reacted broadly with South American arenaviruses demonstrating that an epitopic site on GP2 may be the most highly conserved antigen in the arenavirus group.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/análise , Arenaviridae/imunologia , Vírus Lassa/imunologia , África , Animais , Arenaviridae/classificação , Ligação Competitiva , Reações Cruzadas , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Epitopos/análise , Imunofluorescência , Glicoproteínas/imunologia , Humanos , Hibridomas , Immunoblotting , Vírus Lassa/classificação , Nucleoproteínas/imunologia , América do Sul , Proteínas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
The effect of Ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) on the replication in vitro of Junin virus, the causative agent of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF), was examined. A concentration as low as 3.12 micrograms/ml of the drug inhibited the cytopathic effect observed five days post-infection (pi) on Vero cells. On the other hand, a concentration of 25 micrograms/ml reduced the virus yield and specific antigen formation to undetectable levels. This same concentration of Ribavirin prevented plaque formation under methylcellulose. The high sensitivity of Junin virus to Ribavirin in vitro, the low toxicity of the drug for mammals and the therapeutic effect observed on in vivo infections with other arenaviruses, makes Ribavirin a promising antiviral agent that deserves testing on AHF primate models before clinical trials are undertaken.
Assuntos
Arenaviridae/fisiologia , Arenavirus do Novo Mundo/fisiologia , Ribavirina/farmacologia , Ribonucleosídeos/farmacologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Arenavirus do Novo Mundo/imunologia , Células Vero/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The effect of Ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) on the replication in vitro of Junin virus, the causative agent of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF), was examined. A concentration as low as 3.12 micrograms/ml of the drug inhibited the cytopathic effect observed five days post-infection (pi) on Vero cells. On the other hand, a concentration of 25 micrograms/ml reduced the virus yield and specific antigen formation to undetectable levels. This same concentration of Ribavirin prevented plaque formation under methylcellulose. The high sensitivity of Junin virus to Ribavirin in vitro, the low toxicity of the drug for mammals and the therapeutic effect observed on in vivo infections with other arenaviruses, makes Ribavirin a promising antiviral agent that deserves testing on AHF primate models before clinical trials are undertaken.
RESUMO
In February, March, and April 1974, a severe epidemic of measles, with 71 cases and three deaths, occurred on the Cheyenne and Standing Rock Sioux Indian Reservations in South and North Dakota. The attack rate was 9.0 cases per 1,000 persons, and associated with the illness were 24 cases of pneumonia and ten cases of otitis media. Age-specific attack rates were highest in those under one year of age. Using secondary attack rates in persons under nine years of age who were vaccinated and unvaccinated family contacts of cases, vaccine efficacy was measured as 97.3% (95% confidence interval 80.1 to 99.9%).
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Vacina contra Sarampo/uso terapêutico , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Lactente , Sarampo/prevenção & controle , North Dakota , South DakotaAssuntos
Hanseníase/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Etnicidade , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Porto Rico , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Cyclophosphamide therapy of the nephrotic syndrome has been associated with oligo- and azoospermia and with abnormalities of testicular histology in adults and pubertal boys. In 15 prepubertal boys, no abnormalities of basal serum levels of LH, FSH, or T were found when they were studied 8 months to 7 years after cyclophosphamide therapy. Five boys were pubertal during therapy were found to have elevated mean basal values of gonadotropins with normal testosterone levels and elevated LH responses to LRF; the FSH responses to LRF were elevated in four patients. One of four boys who were prepubertal during therapy but pubertal at the time of testing had an elevated basal LH and LH response to LRF. Three boys who were prepubertal at the times of therapy and testing had normal LH responses to LRF. The LRF test may provide a means of identifying the patient who has sustained testicular injury and who may require testicular biopsy.
Assuntos
Ciclofosfamida/uso terapêutico , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/farmacologia , Gonadotropinas Hipofisárias/sangue , Gonadotropinas/análise , Síndrome Nefrótica/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ciclofosfamida/efeitos adversos , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Humanos , Lactente , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Síndrome Nefrótica/sangue , Hipófise/efeitos dos fármacos , Puberdade , Doenças Testiculares/induzido quimicamente , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
During an epidemic of meningococcal disease in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, a retrospective survey was carried out to assess the risk of meningitis associated with exposure in a schoolroom. Forty-seven of 17,012 students reportedly had meningitis in August-November 1974, an incidence of 276 per 100,000. Four of 1356 students with classroom exposure to a case contracted meningitis (secondary attack rate, 295 per 100,000). The results indicate that in the population surveyed, 95% of whom were from 7 to 14 years of age, there is no significantly increased risk associated with classroom exposure to a student with meningitis. Antibiotic prophylaxis of classroom contacts is therefore not indicated and should be reserved for contacts known to be at increased risk, such as members of the patient's household or those having direct contact with the patient's oral secretions.