Assuntos
Compostos de Anilina/uso terapêutico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Pirazinas/uso terapêutico , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms/metabolismo , Compostos de Anilina/farmacologia , Diferenciação Celular , Humanos , Pirazinas/farmacologia , RecidivaRESUMO
Relapse remains the primary obstacle to long-term survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who achieve a remission following standard induction and consolidation therapy. Although allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation decreases the risk of relapse for many patients, relapse is common even among these patients. A number of approaches to maintenance therapy for AML have been studied with the goal of finding an agent with a tolerable side effect profile that may be given to patients in remission, typically for a prolonged period of time, in order to decrease the risk of relapse. Numerous trials that evaluated cytotoxic agents as maintenance therapy did not find any improvement in survival, but more recent studies of alternative approaches to maintenance including immunomodulation, epigenetic reprogramming, and targeted agents have been much more promising. In this article, we review the current evidence for various maintenance strategies for AML including immunotherapy, hypomethylating agents, and targeted therapies, particularly FLT3 inhibitors. We also discuss promising emerging approaches to maintenance for AML, including the incorporation of measurable residual disease assessment.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/terapia , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante/métodos , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The development of thrombocytopenia is common in hospitalized patients and is associated with increased mortality. Frequent and important causes of thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients include etiologies related to the underlying illness for which the patient is admitted, such as infection and disseminated intravascular coagulation, and iatrogenic etiologies such as drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, posttransfusion purpura, hemodilution, major surgery, and extracorporeal circuitry. This review presents a brief discussion of the pathophysiology, distinguishing clinical features, and management of these etiologies, and provides a diagnostic approach to hospital-acquired thrombocytopenia that considers the timing and severity of the platelet count fall, the presence of hemorrhage or thrombosis, the clinical context, and the peripheral blood smear. This approach may offer guidance to clinicians in distinguishing among the various causes of hospital-acquired thrombocytopenia and providing management appropriate to the etiology.