RESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cases of viral hepatitis reported in Mexico are typically identified as hepatitis A, B and C. However, unspecified cases are reported annually. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emergent agent that causes a self-limiting infection that can evolve to chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. In Mexico, HEV genotype 2 is considered endemic, though it's the prevalence is not well known. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the prevalence of HEV among patients at the "Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez". MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 99 patients, anti-HEV antibody (IgG and IgM) were detected by indirect ELISA and viral genome was identified using RT-PCR technique. Two PCR products of positive cases were sequenced. RESULTS: ELISA results were positive in 3% and 6%, for IgG and IgM respectively, 54.5% prevalence was found by PCR. Low lymphocyte count (p<0.05) and malnutrition (p<0.005) were significant factors for high PCR prevalence and could increase the possibility of infection. Two samples were sequenced and confirmed the presence of HEV genotype 3. CONCLUSIONS: This report reveals the incidence of HEV in pediatric patients in Mexico. Moreover, the identification of HEV genotype 3 in human samples suggests a potential zoonotic risk that requires further research.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite E/genética , Hepatite E/epidemiologia , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Bilirrubina/sangue , Criança , Estudos Transversais , DNA Viral/sangue , Feminino , Genoma Viral/genética , Genótipo , Hepatite A , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A/sangue , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite B/sangue , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite C/sangue , Hepatite E/sangue , Hepatite E/imunologia , Hepatite E/virologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , RNA Viral/sangue , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
La hormona antidiurética arginina vasopresina (AVP) es liberada de la hipófisis, y regula la reabsorción de agua en las células principales del túbulo colector renal. La unión de la AVP al receptor tipo 2 de la AVP en la membrana basolateral induce la translocación de los canales acuosos de la acuaporina-2 hacia la membrana apical de las células principales de los túbulos colectores, induciendo la permeabilidad al agua de la membrana. Lo anterior da como resultado la reabsorción de agua en el túbulo colector de la nefrona, bajo la influencia de un gradiente osmótico. La diabetes insípida nefrogénica es causada por la resistencia parcial o total al efecto de la AVP. La diabetes insípida nefrogénica congénita es una alteración asociada con mutaciones en los genes AVPR2 o AQP2, ocasionando la incapacidad del paciente para concentrar la orina. La diabetes insípida nefrogénica adquirida o secundaria puede ser causada por desbalances electrolíticos (hipercalcemia, hipokalemia), enfermedades renales o extrarrenales y fármacos (toxicidad por litio). En este artículo se revisan las causas, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes con diabetes insípida nefrogénica. También, con base en la comprensión de los mecanismos íntimos de la alteración, se exploran nuevas estrategias terapéuticas.
The anti-diuretic hormone arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is released from the pituitary and regulates water reabsorption in the principal cells of the kidney collecting duct. Binding of AVP to the arginine-vasopressin receptor type-2 in the basolateral membrane leads to translocation of aquaporin-2 water channels to the apical membrane of the principal cells of the collecting duct, inducing water permeability of the membrane. This results in water reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron following an osmotic gradient. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by partial or complete renal resistance to the effects of AVP. Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a disorder associated with mutations in either the AVPR2 or AQP2 gene, causing the inability of patients to concentrate their urine. Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be caused by electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hypercalcemia, hypokalemia), renal/extra-renal diseases and drugs (e.g., lithium toxicity). This article reviews the causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Based on more in-depth mechanistic understanding, new therapeutic strategies are current being explored.
RESUMO
Durante el primer Foro de Bioética de la Sociedad de Trasplantes de Latinoamérica y el Caribe 2010 se redactó el Documento de Aguascalientes que busca salvaguardar la integridad del donante vivo. El artículo tiene por objeto indagar sobre el Documento de Aguascalientes entre los participantes del Congreso de la SLANH 2012. Se aplicó un cuestionario con 21 preguntas sobre temas abordados por el dicho documento. Los resultados muestran que el 36,3% acepta al donante vivo no relacionado; 36,3% considera que hay margen de crecimiento en la tasa de donantes fallecidos; 57,9% garantiza la salud con medicamentos inmunosupresores de calidad; 61,5% no conoce el documento. Se concluye que el Documento de Aguascalientes tiene recomendaciones útiles para vigilar aspectos bioéticos de trasplantes.
The Aguascalientes Document was drafted during the first 2010 Bioethics Forum of the Transplantation Society in Latin America and the Caribbean. The object of the document is to safeguard the integrity of the living donor. This article aims to investigate the Aguascalientes Document among the participants to the 2012 SLANH Congress. A questionnaire was applied, with 21 questions on topics covered by said document. The results show that 36.3% of the respondents accepts the unrelated living donor; 36.3% believes there is a margin of growth in the rate of deceased donors; 57.9% guarantees health with quality immunosuppressive drugs; 61.5% does not know the document. In view of the above, it is concluded that the Aguascalientes Document contains useful recommendations for monitoring the bioethical aspects of transplants.
Durante o primeiro Fórum de Bioética da Sociedade de Transplantes da América Latina e do Caribe 2010, redigiu-se o Documento de Aguascalientes, que pretende assegurar a integridade do doador vivo. O artigo tem por objetivo indagar sobre o Documento de Aguascalientes entre os participantes do Congresso da SLANH 2012. Aplicou-se um questionário com 21 perguntas sobre temas abordados por tal documento. Os resultados mostram que 36,3% aceitam o doador vivo não relacionado; 36,3% consideram que há margem de crescimento na taxa de doadores falecidos; 57,9% garantem a saúde com medicamentos imunossupressores de qualidade; 61,5% não conhecem o documento. Conclui-se que o Documento de Aguascalientes tem recomendações úteis para vigiar aspectos bioéticos de transplantes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doadores de Tecidos , Transplante , Registros , Saúde , Gestão da Qualidade TotalRESUMO
The anti-diuretic hormone arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is released from the pituitary and regulates water reabsorption in the principal cells of the kidney collecting duct. Binding of AVP to the arginine-vasopressin receptor type-2 in the basolateral membrane leads to translocation of aquaporin-2 water channels to the apical membrane of the principal cells of the collecting duct, inducing water permeability of the membrane. This results in water reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron following an osmotic gradient. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by partial or complete renal resistance to the effects of AVP. Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a disorder associated with mutations in either the AVPR2 or AQP2 gene, causing the inability of patients to concentrate their urine. Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be caused by electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hypercalcemia, hypokalemia), renal/extra-renal diseases and drugs (e.g., lithium toxicity). This article reviews the causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Based on more in-depth mechanistic understanding, new therapeutic strategies are current being explored.
RESUMO
Los raquitismos hipofosfatémicos hereditarios (RHH) son un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por la pérdida renal de fosfatos, que ocasionan retardo del crecimiento, raquitismo y osteomalacia. La forma más común es el raquitismo hipofosfatémico ligado al cromosoma X, el cual es causado por mutaciones inactivantes en el gen PHEX. Las otras formas de los síndromes hipofosfatémicos hereditarios presentan menor prevalencia. Estas incluyen el raquitismo hipofosfatémico autosómico dominante, el raquitismo hipofosfatémico autosómico recesivo tipos 1 y 2 y el raquitismo hipofosfatémico hereditario con hipercalciuria. En este artículo se revisan las bases genéticas de los diferentes tipos de RHH, las manifestaciones clínicas, las características bioquímicas en sangre y orina y los nuevos aspectos de su tratamiento.
Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets (HHR) are a group of diseases characterized by renal phosphate wasting causing growth retardation, rickets and osteomalacia. The most common form is the X-linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets caused by inactivating mutations in the PHEX gene. The other hereditary hypophosphatemic syndromes present a lower prevalence. These include autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets types 1 and 2 and the hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria. This article reviews the genetic basis of the different types of HHR, clinical manifestations, biochemical characteristics in blood and urine and new aspects of treatment.
RESUMO
Introduction Familiar satisfaction results from the continuous interplay of verbal and/or physical interactions between subjects and the other members of their family. This satisfaction maintain relations to the coherence, fairness, fun, support, lack of conflicts, affective proximity, confidence, cohesion, adaptation, allocation and acceptance of roles and tasks, open communication and the acceptance in general of the own family. The use of developed psychological tests constructed in other countries is a frequent practice in the world. The validation and standardization of the test imply to establish measurement rules and scales of qualification for a determined population, when it is different from the original population in which it was created or where the instrument is used habitually. The objective of this study was to collect the normative data of the Family Satisfaction by Adjectives Scale (FSAS) in children and adolescents of Mexico City. Material and methods A cross-sectional study was performed in 476 men and women; 8 to 15 years 11 months of age. The survey family satisfaction by adjectives scale (FSAS) by Barraca and Lopez-Yarto was applied. The data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v.17). Results The sample was conformed by 226 men (47.5%) and 250 women (52.5%). Of these, 237 were children (8 to 11 years and 11 months of age) and 239 were adolescents (12 to 15 years and 11 months of age). It was found that Family Satisfaction by Adjectives Scale (FSAS) has very good reliability (a=.89), construct (50% total variance), content and discriminative validity among children and adolescents (p.000).
Introducción La satisfacción familiar es el resultado del continuo juego de interacciones verbales y/o físicas que mantiene un sujeto con los otros miembros de su familia y guarda relación con la coherencia, la equidad en el hogar, la diversión, el apoyo, la falta de conflictos, la cercanía afectiva, la confianza, la cohesión, la adaptación, la asignación y aceptación de roles y tareas, la comunicación abierta y la aceptación en general de la propia familia. La utilización de pruebas psicológicas construidas en otros países es una práctica frecuente no sólo en nuestro país sino en todo el mundo. La validación y estandarización de las mismas implica establecer reglas de medición y escalas de calificación para una población determinada, cuando es diferente de la población original en la que se creó o se utiliza habitualmente el instrumento. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener los datos normativos de la Escala de Satisfacción Familiar por Adjetivos (ESFA) en escolares y adolescentes mexicanos de la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos Se realizó una encuesta transversal a 476 hombres y mujeres, de 8 a 15 años 11 meses, a quienes se les aplicó la escala de satisfacción familiar por adjetivos (ESFA) de Barraca y López-Yarto. Los datos se analizaron con el Paquete Estadístico para las Ciencias Sociales (SPSS v.17). Resultados La muestra se conformó por 226 hombres (47.5%) y 250 mujeres (52.5%). De éstos, 237 fueron escolares de 8 a 11 años 11 meses y 239 adolescentes de 12 a 15 años 11 meses. Se encontró que la escala posee muy buena confiabilidad (a=.89), validez de constructo (varianza total de 50%), de contenido y discriminante entre escolares y adolescentes (p.000).
RESUMO
La Ley de voluntad anticipada (LVA) de la Ciudad de México regula la voluntad de cualquier persona para no someterse a tratamientos que prolonguen su vida innecesariamente. La Ley pide, en el artículo 8º, la manifestación respecto de la donación de órganos para trasplante. El objetivo de este trabajo es documentar el conocimiento de la LVA. Para esto se realizó una investigación cualitativa con una entrevista semiestructurada, previamente validada. Como resultadose realizaron 278 entrevistas. El 64% de los encuestados no conocen la LVA. De la población encuestada que sí tiene conocimiento de la LVA (n=100) solamente el 43% saben lo referente a la donación de órganos. Se concluye que es evidente el desconocimiento por falta de difusión de la LVA.
The law on advance directives (LAD) in México City regulates the will or intent of any person not to undergo unnecessarily life-prolonging treatment. Article 8 of the law stipulates the donation of organs for transplant must be manifest. Objective: The aim of this paper is to document knowledge of LAD. Materials and methods: A qualitative study was conducted using a previously validated semi-structured interview. Results: In all, 278 interviews were carried out and 64% of those surveyed were unfamiliar with LAD. Among those who are familiar with LAD (n = 100), only 43% know what it stipulates regarding organ donation. Conclusion: There is an evident lack of knowledge about LAD, because the public has not been duly informed.
A Lei da Vontade Antecipada (LVA) da Cidade do México regula a vontade de qualquer pessoa para não se submeter a tratamentos que prolonguem sua vida desnecessariamente. A Lei pede, no artigo 8°, a manifestação a respeito da doação de órgãos para transplantes. O objetivo deste trabalho é documentar o conhecimento da LVA. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com uma entrevista semiestruturada, previamente validada. Como resultado, realizaram-se 278 entrevistas. 64% dos entrevistados não conhecem a LVA. Da população entrevistada que tem conhecimento da LVA (n = 100) somente 43% sabem sobre a doação de órgãos. Conclui-se que é evidente o desconhecimento por falta de difusão da LVA.
Assuntos
Humanos , Transplante , Volição , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos , Legislação , LiberdadeRESUMO
Las condiciones en que se da la asignación de órganos de paciente fallecido para trasplante es motivo de controversia. Objetivo. Conocer los criterios para la asignación de riñones de donante fallecido en el servicio de Pediatría de doce países de América Latina y el Caribe. Resultados. En diez países encuestados las listas de espera en Pediatría para un trasplante renal son regionales, generalmente por razones administrativas más que por disminuir los tiempos de isquemia fría, se realiza el HLA y se toma en cuenta en un sistema de puntaje para la elección del receptor final. En algunos países los riñones de donadores jóvenes (menores de 30 años) no siempre son para receptores pediátricos. Conclusión. La mayoría de los países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe cuentan con sistemas de puntaje para la asignación de órganos de donante fallecido y se privilegia a los niños. Guatemala y Nicaragua no cuentan con programa de donador fallecido, y en el caso de México, si bien tiene una estructura de trasplante en expansión, no se cuenta con un sistema de puntaje, y sólo algunos grupos de trasplante por iniciativa propia privilegian a los pacientes pediátricos. Es deseable que se haga un consenso al respecto en la comunidad de trasplantes latinoamericana para hacer una distribución menos subjetiva y más justa de los riñones de origen no vivo.
Assuntos
Bioética , Transplante de Rim , Transplante de Rim/éticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To ascertain medical criteria and their priority in the allocation of deceased patient kidneys in pediatrics among members of Internal Transplant Committees of six hospitals. To assess if, by using the Delphi method, it is possible to reach consensus to reduce heterogeneity of criteria in the allocation of renal transplant organs among physicians ascribed to Nephrology and Surgery services in six hospital centers in Mexico. METHODOLOGY: A study was carried out by the Delphi method of independent experts panel, with three stages and two rounds. The method makes possible iteration and controlled feedback from experts to identify behaviors and trends with the synergy of the debate in a group. Kappa index was applied to assess results agreement. RESULTS: Results of first round show the criteria heterogeneity for the allocation of cadaveric origin organs within each hospital, and among hospitals compared to each other. With the results of the second round, consensus increased in four hospitals for the selection of both first and second recipient. Kappa coefficient shows the reliability of results. CONCLUSION: Our Country needs a point-score system to allocate deceased donor organs, ideally including HLA matching. Expecting that the Internal Transplant Committees throughout the Mexican territory may have available a useful tool as this, the Delphi method makes it possible to reach consensus in this task, in order to minimize subjectivity in the staff involved in the decision-making process.