RESUMO
Bilateral ovariectomy is the best characterized and the most reported animal model of human menopause. Ovariectomized rodents develop insulin resistance (IR) and visceral obesity, the main risk factors in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MS). These alterations are a consequence of hypoestrogenic status, which produces an augment of visceral fat, high testosterone levels (hyperandrogenism), as well as inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic complications, such as dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and endothelial dysfunction, among others. Clinical trials have reported that menopause per se increases the severity and incidence of MS, and causes the highest mortality due to cardiovascular disease in women. Despite all the evidence, there are no reports that clarify the influence of estrogenic deficiency as a cause of MS. In this review, we provide evidence that ovariectomized rodents can be used as a menopausal metabolic syndrome model for evaluating and discovering new, safe, and effective therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cardiometabolic complications associated to MS during menopause.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/patologia , Síndrome Metabólica/metabolismo , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/metabolismo , Menopausa , Síndrome Metabólica/patologia , Ovariectomia/métodos , Ovário/fisiologia , RoedoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with increased risk of a number of serious medical conditions, including urological disorders. This study investigated the effect of lipidic extracts of saladette tomato pomace (STP) and Serenoa repens (SR) on the prostate and bladder in a rat obese model induced by high-carbohydrate diet. RESULTS: High-sucrose-fed rats showed higher prostate weight as well as increased contractility and stromal and epithelial hyperplasia in the prostate. Treatment with STP and SR improved contractility and diminished hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the prostate. Obese animals also showed impaired bladder contractility, but neither extract reversed this deterioration. In the histological study, a disarray in the process of smooth muscle cell proliferation with non-parallel fibers was observed; interestingly, treatment with STP and SR led to improvement in this derangement. CONCLUSION: These findings indicated impaired contractility and hyperplasia in the prostate and bladder of obese rats induced by high sucrose. STP and SR could enhance prostate function by reducing contractility and hyperplasia and improve smooth muscle fiber structure and decrease cell proliferation in the bladder, suggesting their possible health-beneficial effects on lower urinary tract symptoms. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Obesidade/complicações , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Próstata/efeitos dos fármacos , Serenoa/química , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Bexiga Urinária/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/metabolismo , Próstata/fisiopatologia , Doenças Prostáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Prostáticas/etiologia , Doenças Prostáticas/metabolismo , Doenças Prostáticas/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Bexiga Urinária/fisiopatologia , Doenças da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças da Bexiga Urinária/etiologia , Doenças da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Doenças da Bexiga Urinária/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Serenoa repens has been widely used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms; however, most of the studies have been conducted in individuals with normal weight and not obese. In this study, the effects of a lipidic extract of S. repens, in markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and growth factors, in obese rats with testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia, were investigated. Total nitrites, malondialdehyde, total glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activity were measured; in addition, assays for inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and the growth factors basic fibroblast growth factor (FGFb) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were performed. The obese rats had a higher prostate weight compared with controls. S. repens significantly decreased prostate weight, total nitrites, and malondialdehyde; improved total glutathione, SOD, and catalase activity; and significantly reduced inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6) and growth factors (VEGF and FGFb). S. repens showed high antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity in obese rats, suggesting that their use could be beneficial in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.