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Accipiter bicolor is a widely distributed Neotropical raptor but knowledge about its ecology is poor, particularly in urban areas. In this work, we document the presence of A. bicolor in the city of Guayaquil and in nearby forested areas, in addition, we provide new records on its diet and discuss possible foraging strategies in synanthropic environments. Also, reports of this species are considered on citizen science platforms. Accipiter bicolor was observed consuming an individual of Columbina bluckeyi and another of Artibeus fraterculus; near a colony of this species of bat. Finally, we found 59 records of A. bicolor between 2007 and 2022 for Guayaquil and its surrounding areas, 14 records were in urban habitats. Observations in different urban and peri-urban habitats are discussed, as well as their feeding habits.
Accipiter bicolor es una rapaz Neotropical ampliamente distribuida pero el conocimiento sobre su ecología es escaso en particular en zonas urbanas. En este trabajo, documentamos la presencia de A. bicolor en la ciudad de Guayaquil y en áreas boscosas cercanas, además, proveemos nuevos registros sobre su dieta y discutimos posibles estrategias de forrajeo en ambientes sinantrópicas. También, se consideran reportes de esta especie en plataformas de ciencia ciudadana. Accipiter bicolor fue observada consumiendo un individuo de Columbina bluckeyi y otro de Artibeus fraterculus; cerca de una colonia de esta especie de murciélago. Finalmente, se encontraron 59 registros de A. bicolor entre el 2007 y 2022 para Guayaquil y sus áreas circundantes, 14 registros fueron en hábitat urbanos. Se discute las observaciones en diferentes hábitats urbanos y periurbanos, así como sus hábitos de alimenticios.
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Abstract Biological homochirality is modelled using chemical reaction mechanisms that include autocatalytic and inhibition reactions as well as input and output flows. From the mathematical point of view, the differential equations associated with those mechanisms have to exhibit bistability. The search for those bifurcations can be carried out using stoichiometric network analysis. This algorithm simplifies the mathematical analysis and can be implemented in a computer programme, which can help us to analyse chemical networks. However, regardless of the reduction to linear polynomials, which is made possible by this algorithm, in some cases, the complexity and length of the polynomials involved make the analysis unfeasible. This problem has been partially solved by extending the stoichiometric matrix with rows that code the duality relations between the different reactions occurring in the network given as input. All these facts allow us to analyse 28 different network models, highlighting the basic requirements needed by a chemical mechanism to have spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking.
Resumen El origen de la homoquiralidad biológica se ha modelado usando mecanismos de reacción con pasos autocatalíticos, de inhibición y flujos de entrada y salida. Desde el punto de vista de las matemáticas, las ecuaciones diferenciales asociadas a tales mecanismos deben exhibir biestabilidad. La búsqueda de tales bifurcaciones se puede hacer usando el análisis de redes estequiométricas. Tal algoritmo facilita el trabajo matemático y se puede implementar en un programa de computadora, con lo que se simplifica el análisis y ayuda a entender y mejorar los mecanismos de reacción. No obstante, y a pesar de la reducción en la complejidad que es alcanzada usando el análisis de redes estequiométricas, la dificultad y la longitud de los polinomios involucrados hacen que, en los casos más difíciles y de mayor envergadura, la solución de estos no sea posible. En este trabajo se ha superado parcialmente el problema, adicionando a la matriz estequiométrica un conjunto de filas que codifican la relación de dualidad entre las diferentes reacciones presentes en la red química dada como entrada al programa. Así, hemos logrado analizar 28 modelos diferentes de homoquiralidad biológica, extrayendo de ellos el conjunto de requisitos necesarios para tener un modelo cinética y termodinámicamente consistente.
Resumo A origem da homoquiralidade biológica foi modelada usando mecanismos de reação com etapas autocatalíticas, de inibição e fluxos de entrada e saída. Do ponto de vista da matemática, as equações diferenciais associadas a tais mecanismos devem ser instáveis. A instabilidade pode ser estudada usando o algoritmo de análise de redes estequiométricas. Tal algoritmo facilita o trabalho matemático e pode ser implementado num programa de computador, o que simplifica a análise e ajuda a entender e melhorar os mecanismos de reação. No entanto, e apesar da redução na complexidade que é alcançada usando a análise de redes estequiométricas, a complexidade e comprimento dos polinômios envolvidos fazem que, nos casos mais complexos e de maior envergadura, a solução dos mesmos não seja possível. Neste trabalho, o problema foi superado, parcialmente, adicionando à matriz estequiométrica um conjunto de linhas que codificam a relação de dualidade entre as diferentes reações presentes na rede química dada como entrada ao programa. Desta forma foi possível analisar 28 modelos diferentes de homoquiralidade biológica, extraindo deles o conjunto de requisitos necessários para ter um modelo cinético e termodinamicamente consistente.
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This cross-sectional study evaluated epidemiologic characteristics of persons living with HIV (PWH) coinfected with Trypanosoma cruzi in Cochabamba, Bolivia, and estimated T. cruzi parasitemia by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in patients with and without evidence of reactivation by direct microscopy. Thirty-two of the 116 HIV patients evaluated had positive serology for T. cruzi indicative of chronic Chagas disease (27.6%). Sixteen of the 32 (50%) patients with positive serology were positive by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and four of the 32 (12.5%) were positive by direct microscopy. The median parasite load by qPCR in those with CD4+ < 200 was 168 parasites/mL (73-9951) compared with 28.5 parasites/mL (15-1,528) in those with CD4+ ≥ 200 (P = 0.89). There was a significant inverse relationship between the degree of parasitemia estimated by qPCR from blood clot and CD4+ count on the logarithmic scale (rsBC= -0.70, P = 0.007). The correlation between T. cruzi estimated by qPCR+ blood clot and HIV viral load was statistically significant with rsBC = 0.61, P = 0.047. Given the significant mortality of PWH and Chagas reactivation and that 57% of our patients with CD4+ counts < 200 cells/mm3 showed evidence of reactivation, we propose that screening for chronic Chagas disease be considered in PWH in regions endemic for Chagas disease and in the immigrant populations in nonendemic regions. Additionally, our study showed that PWH with advancing immunosuppression have higher levels of estimated parasitemia measured by qPCR and suggests a role for active surveillance for Chagas reactivation with consideration of treatment with antitrypanosomal therapy until immune reconstitution can be achieved.
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Doença de Chagas/sangue , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecção Latente/sangue , Parasitemia/sangue , Adulto , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/imunologia , Bolívia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Doença de Chagas/complicações , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Doença de Chagas/tratamento farmacológico , Coinfecção , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Humanos , Infecção Latente/complicações , Infecção Latente/diagnóstico , Infecção Latente/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Microscopia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nitroimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Carga Parasitária , Parasitemia/complicações , Parasitemia/diagnóstico , Parasitemia/tratamento farmacológico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Tripanossomicidas/uso terapêutico , Trypanosoma cruzi , Carga ViralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although potentially curable with early detection and timely treatment, breast cancer (BC) and cervical cancer (CC) remain leading causes of death for Colombian women. Lack of education, complicated administrative processes, and geographic limitations hinder early cancer detection. Today, technological tools permeate the society and could assess user risk, deliver customized information, and provide care coordination. We evaluated the effectiveness of a free mobile application (mApp) to reach women, understand misconceptions, identify users at risk for BC and/or CC, and coordinate screening tests in Cali, Colombia. METHODS: The mApp was developed and advertised in four healthcare facility waiting rooms. It used educational, evaluative, and risk factor questions followed by brief explanations to assess the population's knowledge, educate on BC and/or CC, and identify users in need of screening test(s). Women who required screening were navigated and enrolled in the national cancer program. RESULTS: From August 2017 to August 2019, 1,043 women downloaded the mApp. BC misconceptions included beliefs that BC can be prevented (87%), obesity does not increase the risk of BC (49%), and deodorant causes BC (17%). CC misconceptions included that pap smears should not be performed while sexually active (64%), vaginal pain is an early sign of CC (44%), and only women contract human papilloma virus (33%). Overall, 29% (303) were identified as at risk and needed a screening test, with 32% (98) successfully screened. DISCUSSION: mApps can identify women at risk for BC and/or CC, detect barriers to early cancer detection, and help coordinate screening test(s). This technology has widespread applications and may be useful in other underserved communities.
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Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Colômbia , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
Breast and cervical cancers are leading causes of mortality among women in Latin America. Colombia has universal health care and a government-sponsored 10-year cancer control plan focused on prevention, early detection, and treatment. However, many administrative and social barriers have hindered its success, and a majority of patients are diagnosed at a late stage. Established in 2012, Partners for Cancer Care and Prevention (PFCCAP) works to decrease the burden of these cancers by mitigating the obstacles women face during their cancer diagnosis and treatment. Through community outreach meetings with medical personnel, hospital directors, and government officials, PFCCAP identified major barriers, including lack of trained health care personnel, few centers with adequate screening equipment, and a fragmented health system with significant administrative delays and poor continuity of care. Its solution included monthly teleconferences, biannual on-site training, quality control programs, and improved access to screening equipment. PFCCAP also initiated a patient navigation project. After implementation of the PFCCAP plan of action, from 2012 to 2018, the average time from initial consult to biopsy decreased from 65 to 20 days; from biopsy to diagnosis, 33 to 4 days; and from diagnosis to surgery, 121 to 60 days. To date, more than 1,500 women have benefited from this initiative, which has expanded to other regions. Overall, PFCCAP is creating centers of excellence in strategically located hospitals and promoting the implementation of national guidelines. Although several barriers still exist, PFCCAP is helping to implement an efficient health care model that can be replicated in other underserved populations.
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Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Mama/prevenção & controle , Colômbia , Relações Comunidade-Instituição , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Humanos , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Navegação de Pacientes , Projetos Piloto , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Telecomunicações , Tempo para o Tratamento , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Prototheca wickerhamii rarely causes systemic infection in humans but when it occurs, there are coexisting comorbidities. This case illustrated shows the manifestation of this opportunistic microorganism in an immunosuppressed patient. The patient was successfully treated with Liposomal amphotericin B with complete resolution of the lesions.
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BACKGROUND: There are hardly any data available on the relationships between the parasite and the vector or regarding potential reservoirs involved in the natural transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Tropics of Cochabamba, Bolivia. Local families from communities were responsible for the capture of triatomine specimens, following a strategic methodology based on entomological surveillance with community participation developed by the National Chagas Programme of the Ministry of Health of Bolivia. FINDINGS: We describe the collection of adult Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius robustus naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi from houses and from the hospital of Villa Tunari municipality. The flagellates found in the digestive tract of P. geniculatus belong to genetic lineages or DTUs TcI and TcIII, whereas only lineage DTU TcI was found in R. robustus. The detection of these vectors infected with T. cruzi reveals the vulnerability of local communities. CONCLUSION: The results presented here highlight the risk of Chagas disease transmission in a region previously thought not to be endemic, indicating that the Tropics of Cochabamba should be placed under permanent entomological and epidemiological surveillance.
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Características da Família , Insetos Vetores , Panstrongylus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Panstrongylus/parasitologia , Rhodnius/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Rhodnius/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bolívia , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Trypanosoma cruzi/classificação , Trypanosoma cruzi/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of reactivated Chagas disease in HIV patients could be lifesaving. In Latin America, the diagnosis is made by microscopical detection of the T. cruzi parasite in the blood; a diagnostic test that lacks sensitivity. This study evaluates if levels of T. cruzi antigens in urine, determined by Chunap (Chagas urine nanoparticle test), are correlated with parasitemia levels in T. cruzi/HIV co-infected patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: T. cruzi antigens in urine of HIV patients (N = 55: 31 T. cruzi infected and 24 T. cruzi serology negative) were concentrated using hydrogel particles and quantified by Western Blot and a calibration curve. Reactivation of Chagas disease was defined by the observation of parasites in blood by microscopy. Parasitemia levels in patients with serology positive for Chagas disease were classified as follows: High parasitemia or reactivation of Chagas disease (detectable parasitemia by microscopy), moderate parasitemia (undetectable by microscopy but detectable by qPCR), and negative parasitemia (undetectable by microscopy and qPCR). The percentage of positive results detected by Chunap was: 100% (7/7) in cases of reactivation, 91.7% (11/12) in cases of moderate parasitemia, and 41.7% (5/12) in cases of negative parasitemia. Chunap specificity was found to be 91.7%. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a direct relationship between parasitemia levels and urine T. cruzi antigen concentrations (p<0.001). A cut-off of > 105 pg was chosen to determine patients with reactivation of Chagas disease (7/7). Antigenuria levels were 36.08 times (95% CI: 7.28 to 64.88) higher in patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts below 200/mL (p = 0.016). No significant differences were found in HIV loads and CD8+ lymphocyte counts. CONCLUSION: Chunap shows potential for early detection of Chagas reactivation. With appropriate adaptation, this diagnostic test can be used to monitor Chagas disease status in T. cruzi/HIV co-infected patients.
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Antígenos de Protozoários/urina , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Coinfecção/diagnóstico , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/métodos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Parasitemia/diagnóstico , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Doença de Chagas/complicações , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/urina , Coinfecção/imunologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Coinfecção/urina , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/instrumentação , Diagnóstico Precoce , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/urina , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nanopartículas/química , Parasitemia/imunologia , Parasitemia/parasitologia , Parasitemia/urina , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , Trypanosoma cruzi/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in the field may set the stage for a changing landscape of diarrheal illness affecting children worldwide. Norovirus and rotavirus are the two major viral enteropathogens of childhood. This study describes the prevalence of norovirus and rotavirus 2 years after widespread rotavirus vaccination in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Stool samples from hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and outpatients aged 5-24 months without AGE were recruited from an urban hospital serving Bolivia's third largest city. Both viruses were genotyped, and norovirus GII.4 was further sequenced. Norovirus was found much more frequently than rotavirus. Norovirus was detected in 69/201 (34.3%) of specimens from children with AGE and 13/71 (18.3%) of those without diarrhea. Rotavirus was detected in 38/201 (18.9%) of diarrheal specimens and 3/71 (4.2%) of non-diarrheal specimens. Norovirus GII was identified in 97.8% of norovirus-positive samples; GII.4 was the most common genotype (71.4% of typed specimens). Rotavirus G3P[8] was the most prevalent rotavirus genotype (44.0% of typed specimens) and G2P[4] was second most prevalent (16.0% of typed specimens). This community is likely part of a trend toward norovirus predominance over rotavirus in children after widespread vaccination against rotavirus.
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Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Norovirus/genética , Infecções por Rotavirus/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra Rotavirus/imunologia , Rotavirus/genética , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/prevenção & controle , Gastroenterite/virologia , Genótipo , Hospitais , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , População UrbanaRESUMO
This study aims to evaluate condom use, sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening, and knowledge of STI symptoms among female sex workers in Peru associated with sex work venues and a community randomised trial of STI control. One component of the Peru PREVEN intervention conducted mobile-team outreach to female sex workers to reduce STIs and increase condom use and access to government clinics for STI screening and evaluation. Prevalence ratios were calculated using multivariate Poisson regression models with robust standard errors, clustering by city. As-treated analyses were conducted to assess outcomes associated with reported exposure to the intervention. Care-seeking was more frequent in intervention communities, but differences were not statistically significant. Female sex workers reporting exposure to the intervention had a significantly higher likelihood of condom use, STI screening at public health clinics, and symptom recognition compared to those not exposed. Compared with street- or bar-based female sex workers, brothel-based female sex workers reported significantly higher rates of condom use with last client, recent screening exams for STIs, and HIV testing. Brothel-based female sex workers also more often reported knowledge of STIs and recognition of STI symptoms in women and in men. Interventions to promote STI detection and prevention among female sex workers in Peru should consider structural or regulatory factors related to sex work venues.