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Background: Argentina's smoking rates remain high. We aim to estimate Argentina age-specific histories of smoking initiation, cessation, prevalence, and intensity by birth-cohort to inform policy interventions. Methods: Modeling study. Data from three Argentinian nationally representative surveys conducted from 2004 to 2018 (n = 268,193) were used to generate smoking histories. The Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling (CISNET) Network Lung Working Group age, period, and cohort modeling approach was used to calculate smoking initiation and cessation probabilities, ever and current smoking prevalence, and intensity (cigarettes per day, CPD) by age, sex, and birth cohort from 1950 to 2018. Findings: Ever smoking prevalence increases with age up to 25 and decreases with birth cohorts after 1990. Smoking initiation peaks between 15 and 18 years of age. Among females, initiation probabilities increased until the 1955 cohort, reaching a second peak in 1980-85 cohorts and declining thereafter. Males have higher initiation probabilities than females. Among males, initiation has decreased since the 1950 birth cohort, with a slight increase around the 1985 cohort. Current smoking prevalence has been decreasing since the 1960 birth cohort, except for a peak in 1980-85 cohorts. Cessation increases with age. Mean CPD increases with age and peaks around age 40, appearing flat in females since the 1985 cohort. Interpretation: Recent birth cohorts seem to be experiencing lower rates of initiation, stable rates of quitting and lower current and ever smoking prevalence. The stabilization of cessation probabilities and mean CPD indicate the need to strengthen existing tobacco control measures and advance new ones. Funding: NIH/NCI U01CA253858 grant.

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BACKGROUND: The well-established inverse relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) cannot be explained solely by differences in traditional risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To model the role SES plays in the burden of premature CHD in Argentina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used the Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model-Argentina to project incident CHD events and mortality in low and high-SES Argentinean adults 35 to 64 years of age from 2015 to 2024. Using data from the 2018 National Risk Factor Survey, we defined low SES as not finishing high-school and/or reporting a household income in quintiles 1 or 2. We designed simulations to apportion CHD outcomes in low SES adults to: (1) differences in the prevalence of traditional risk factors between low and high SES adults; (2) nontraditional risk associated with low SES status; (3) preventable events if risk factors were improved to ideal levels; and (4) underlying age- and sex-based risk. RESULTS: 56% of Argentina´s 35- to 64-year-old population has low SES. Both high and low SES groups have poor control of traditional risk factors. Compared with high SES population, low SES population had nearly 2-fold higher rates of incident CHD and CHD deaths per 10 000 person-years (incident CHD: men 80.8 [95%CI 76.6-84.9] vs 42.9 [95%CI 37.4-48.1], women 39.0 [95%CI 36.-41.2] vs 18.6 [95%CI 16.3-20.9]; CHD deaths: men 10.0 [95%CI 9.5-10.5] vs 6.0 [95%CI 5.6-6.4], women 3.2 [95%CI 3.0-3.4] vs 1.8 [95%CI 1.7-1.9]). Nontraditional low SES risk accounts for 73.5% and 70.4% of the event rate gap between SES levels for incident CHD and CHD mortality rates, respectively. DISCUSSION: CHD prevention policies in Argentina should address contextual aspects linked to SES, such as access to education or healthcare, and should also aim to implement known clinical strategies to achieve better control of CHD risk factors in all socioeconomic levels.

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OBJETIVOS. Adaptar del inglés al contexto cultural y lingüístico del Quechua Collao y analizar las propie-dades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Ansiedad Generalizada de 7 ítems (GAD-7) en Puno, Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. El GAD-7 en su versión original fue traducido a la variedad del quechua Collao y se analizaron sus propiedades psicométricas, los participantes fueron bilingües (español y quechua) mayores de 18 años y de ambos sexos. Se evaluó el análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) empleando el análisis paralelo, el análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y los índices de bondad de ajuste; asimismo se analizó la fiabilidad mediante el alfa clásico y Omega de Mc Donald. RESULTADOS. Los jueces y par-ticipantes del grupo focal realizaron la adaptación cultural y lingüística del GAD-7 al Quechua Collao; el AFE reportó la presencia de un único factor (KMO=0,88, p=0,01); mientras que el AFC confirmó adecuados ajustes en el modelo unifactorial (CFI=0,994; TLI=0,991; SRMR=0,027; RMSEA=0,092), una buena confiabilidad (α=0,896; ω=0,894) y además fue invariante en grupos de edad, sexo, estado civil y grado de instrucción. CONCLUSIONES. El cuestionario presentó validez para un modelo unidimensional del GAD-7 adaptado al Quechua Collao, así como una óptima confiabilidad e invarianza por los grupos evaluados. Su uso podría beneficiar la investigación y atención de la ansiedad.

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Objective: To assess the prevalence of current cigarette smoking among transgender women in Argentina, and to examine the unique associations of current cigarette smoking with demographic and psychosocial factors. Methods: This study is a secondary data analysis of the TransCITAR - a prospective cohort study of transgender individuals living in Buenos Aires, Argentina - baseline data. The baseline survey collected information on sociodemographic characteristics, perceived health status, depressive symptoms, suicide attempts, current cigarette smoking, alcohol use disorder, and substance use. Participants were also asked about lifetime experiences of physical and sexual violence perpetrated by partners, clients and/or the police, and experiences of gender identity stigma in the past year from healthcare workers and the police. Lastly, participants were asked if they had ever been arrested. Fisher's exact test was used to compare proportions in categorical variables and student t-test was used for continuous variables. Significant associations with current cigarette smoking were tested in a logistic regression model adjusted for all significant associations. Results: A total of 41.7% of participants (n = 393) reported current cigarette smoking. Compared to their non-smoking counterparts, participants who reported current cigarette smoking (1) had completed less education, (2) were more likely to be born in Argentina, (3) more likely to had migrated to Buenos Aires from other parts of the country, (4) more likely to report a history of sex work, (5) more likely to perceive their health as excellent, (6) more likely to screen positive for hazardous alcohol drinking, (7) more likely to report any substance and cocaine use in the past year, (8) more likely to experience gender identity stigma from the police in the past year, and (9) more likely to being arrested in their lifetime (all p's < 0.05). After controlling for all significant associations, education level of less than high school (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.02-2.12), hazardous drinking (AOR = 2.65, 95% CI 1.30-5.37), and any substance use in the last year (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.16-3.94) were positively and independently associated with current cigarette smoking. Conclusion: Among transgender women in Argentina, current cigarette smoking was more than double the rate for cisgender women. Current cigarette smoking was associated with education, hazardous drinking, and any drug use. These results will inform future smoking cessation interventions among transgender women in Argentina.

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Abstract Background : Obesity rates in Latin America are increasing overall and among people with low socio economic status (SES). Obesity and SES disparities can vary by region-a valuable indicator of local drivers. The objective of this study was to examine regional and SES differences in obesity in Argentina. Methods : We used data from Argentina's 4th Na tional Risk Factors Survey (n = 29226) 2018 and defined obesity as BMI ≥ 30. Low SES was defined as not fin ished high school or having a household income in the lowest two quintiles. Descriptive analysis stratified by sex compared obesity rates by SES, province, and re gion. Age-adjusted logistic regression models explored the association between obesity, socioeconomic status, and region. Results : Obesity rates varied more by SES among women (39% for low SES vs. 26% for middle/high SES; p < 0.001) than among men (33% low SES vs. 29% middle/ high SES; p = 0.027). The Patagonian region had the high est obesity prevalence for both men (36%) and women (37%). A gender-stratified age-adjusted analysis with region and SES showed that low SES (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.45, 2.03) and the Patagonian region (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02, 1.62) were the only significant predictors for women. Conclusions : SES associated disparities in obesity in Argentina were pronounced for women but not men. Disparities were particularly high in Patagonia. Further research is needed to understand the drivers behind these SES, regional, and gender disparities.

Resumen Introducción : Las tasas de obesidad en América La tina están aumentando, tanto en la población general como entre las personas con bajo nivel socioeconómi co (NSE). Las disparidades en obesidad y NSE pueden variar ampliamente según la región, un indicador po tencialmente valioso de fenómenos causales locales. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las diferencias en la prevalencia de obesidad a nivel regional y según el NSE en Argentina. Métodos : Utilizamos datos de la 4ª Encuesta Nacio nal de Factores de Riesgo realizada en Argentina en 2018 (n = 29226). Definimos obesidad como índice de masa corporal ≥ 30, y bajo NSE como no haber termi nado la escuela secundaria o tener un ingreso familiar en los dos quintiles más bajos. El análisis descriptivo estratificado por sexo comparó la prevalencia de obe sidad por NSE, provincia y región. Además, utilizamos modelos de regresión logística ajustados por edad para explorar la asociación entre obesidad, nivel socioeconó mico y región, tanto globalmente como estratificando por sexo.367 Resultados : Las tasas de obesidad variaron más por NSE entre las mujeres (39% NSE bajo vs. 26% NSE medio/ alto; p < 0.001) que entre los hombres (33% NSE bajo vs. 29% NSE medio/alto; p = 0.027). La región patagónica tuvo la mayor prevalencia de obesidad tanto para hom bres (36%) como para mujeres (37%). Un análisis estra tificado por género, con región y NSE como covariables, mostró que el bajo NSE (OR 1.72, IC 95% 1.45, 2.03) y la región patagónica (OR 1.29, IC 95% 1.02, 1.62) fueron los únicos predictores significativos para las mujeres; nin guno se asoció significativamente con un mayor riesgo de obesidad para los hombres. Conclusiones : Las disparidades asociadas al NSE en la obesidad en Argentina fueron pronunciadas entre mujeres, pero no entre hombres. Las disparidades fueron particularmente altas en la Patagonia. Se necesita más estudios para comprender los factores detrás de estas disparidades de NSE, regionales y de género.

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BACKGROUND: The measurement of substance use susceptibility was first conceived as part of the preparatory stage that precedes youth smoking initiation and is defined as the lack of a firm commitment not to smoke in the future. Despite being a consistent and validated predictor of smoking initiation, there has been little research on whether susceptibility can predict alcohol use. This study assessed the validity of an adapted alcohol susceptibility measure to predict alcohol consumption among early adolescent students in Argentina and Mexico who had not previously consumed alcohol. METHODS: A school-based longitudinal study was conducted among first-year students in 33 secondary schools in Argentina and 57 in Mexico. The baseline sample included 1504 never-drinker adolescents in Argentina and 5264 in Mexico, of whom 1055 and 3540, respectively, completed a follow-up survey one and a half years later. Logistic regression with school as a random effect was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios for the transitions from never-drinker to ever-drinker, current drinker, and binge drinker. RESULTS: At baseline, 34% and 23.6% of adolescent never-users in Argentina and Mexico, respectively, were susceptible to alcohol. After controlling for other known predictors of alcohol use initiation, alcohol susceptibility was positively associated with ever-drinking (OR = 3.23, 95% CI 2.38-4.36 in Argentina, OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.43-2.10 in Mexico), current drinking (OR = 2.41, 95% CI 1.71-3.4 in Argentina, OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.37-2.28 in Mexico), and binge drinking (OR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.78-2.91 in Argentina, OR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.32-1.99 in Mexico). CONCLUSIONS: The susceptibility measure adapted for use with alcohol appears valid for identifying individuals or groups at risk of drinking initiation and problematic drinking among early adolescents in Argentina and Mexico.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of digital and traditional methods and strategies in the recruitment of Mexican individuals who smoke into a cessation study. Recruitment method refers in general to either digital or traditional recruitment. Recruitment strategies refer to the particular recruitment type utilized within each recruitment method. Traditional recruitment strategies included radio interviews, word of mouth, newspaper advertisement, posters/banners placed in primary healthcare clinics, and medical referrals. Digital recruitment strategies involved emails and study advertisements through social media (i.e., Facebook, Instagram and Twitter) and website. In a 4-month period, 100 Mexican individuals who smoke were successfully enrolled into a smoking cessation study. The majority of participants were enrolled via traditional recruitment strategies (86%) compared to the digital recruitment strategies (14%). Individuals screened in the digital method were more likely to be eligible to participate in the study, compared to the traditional method. Similarly, in comparison to the traditional method, individuals in the digital method were more likely to enroll in the study. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Both traditional and digital strategies made important contributions to the overall recruitment effort.

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BACKGROUND: Obesity rates in Latin America are increasing overall and among people with low socioeconomic status (SES). Obesity and SES disparities can vary by region-a valuable indicator of local drivers. The objective of this study was to examine regional and SES differences in obesity in Argentina. METHODS: We used data from Argentina's 4th National Risk Factors Survey (n = 29226) 2018 and defined obesity as BMI = 30. Low SES was defined as not finished high school or having a household income in the lowest two quintiles. Descriptive analysis stratified by sex compared obesity rates by SES, province, and region. Age-adjusted logistic regression models explored the association between obesity, socioeconomic status, and region. RESULTS: Obesity rates varied more by SES among women (39% for low SES vs. 26% for middle/high SES; p < 0.001) than among men (33% low SES vs. 29% middle/ high SES; p = 0.027). The Patagonian region had the highest obesity prevalence for both men (36%) and women (37%). A gender-stratified age-adjusted analysis with region and SES showed that low SES (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.45, 2.03) and the Patagonian region (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02, 1.62) were the only significant predictors for women. CONCLUSIONS: SES associated disparities in obesity in Argentina were pronounced for women but not men. Disparities were particularly high in Patagonia. Further research is needed to understand the drivers behind these SES, regional, and gender disparities.

Introducción: Las tasas de obesidad en América Latina están aumentando, tanto en la población general como entre las personas con bajo nivel socioeconómico (NSE). Las disparidades en obesidad y NSE pueden variar ampliamente según la región, un indicador potencialmente valioso de fenómenos causales locales. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las diferencias en la prevalencia de obesidad a nivel regional y según el NSE en Argentina. Métodos: Utilizamos datos de la 4° Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo realizada en Argentina en 2018 (n = 29226). Definimos obesidad como índice de masa corporal = 30, y bajo NSE como no haber terminado la escuela secundaria o tener un ingreso familiar en los dos quintiles más bajos. El análisis descriptivo estratificado por sexo comparó la prevalencia de obesidad por NSE, provincia y región. Además, utilizamos modelos de regresión logística ajustados por edad para explorar la asociación entre obesidad, nivel socioeconómico y región, tanto globalmente como estratificando por sexo.Resultados: Las tasas de obesidad variaron más por NSE entre las mujeres (39% NSE bajo vs. 26% NSE medio/alto; p < 0.001) que entre los hombres (33% NSE bajo vs. 29% NSE medio/alto; p = 0.027). La región patagónica tuvo la mayor prevalencia de obesidad tanto para hombres (36%) como para mujeres (37%). Un análisis estratificado por género, con región y NSE como covariables, mostró que el bajo NSE (OR 1.72, IC 95% 1.45, 2.03) y la región patagónica (OR 1.29, IC 95% 1.02, 1.62) fueron los únicos predictores significativos para las mujeres; ninguno se asoció significativamente con un mayor riesgo de obesidad para los hombres. Conclusiones: Las disparidades asociadas al NSE en la obesidad en Argentina fueron pronunciadas entre mujeres, pero no entre hombres. Las disparidades fueron particularmente altas en la Patagonia. Se necesita más estudios para comprender los factores detrás de estas disparidades de NSE, regionales y de género.

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The Gram-negative bacteria Brucella abortus is a major cause of brucellosis in animals and humans. The host innate immune response to B. abortus is mainly associated with phagocytic cells such as dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. However, as mast cells naturally reside in the main bacterial entry sites they may be involved in bacterial recognition. At present, little is known about the role of mast cells during B. abortus infection. The role of the innate immune receptors TLR2 and TLR4 in activation of mast cells by B. abortus (strain RB51) infection was analyzed in this study. The results showed that B. abortus did not induce mast cell degranulation, but did induce the synthesis of the cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5. Furthermore, B. abortus stimulated key cell signaling molecules involved in mast cell activation such as p38 and NF-κB. Blockade of the receptors TLR2 and TLR4 decreased TNF-α and IL-6 release by mast cells in response to B. abortus. Taken together, our results demonstrate that mast cells are activated by B. abortus and may play a role in inducing an inflammatory response during the initial phase of the infection.

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