RESUMO
The occurrence of high arsenic concentrations (up to 3000 µg L-1) in water of soda lakes of the Pantanal wetland is a remarkable case of natural arsenic contamination in South America. However, little is known about arsenic speciation in this environment, particularly regarding speciation changes related to lake trophic status and seasonal variations. To fill this gap, arsenic speciation analysis was carried out in surface (SW) and subsurface (SSW) waters sampled in five soda lakes with different eutrophication status, in two dry and one wet season. As(V) was the dominant species in these waters, while As(III), DMA, MMA and likely complex organic species were present in lower amounts. The results allow to conclude that the arsenic speciation in SW and SSW varies seasonally according to the regional wet or dry periods and lake water levels. In eutrophic turbid and in oligotrophic vegetated soda lakes, arsenic speciation was also characterized by spatial differences between edge and center or between the SW and SSW. Cyanobacteria or macrophytes/algae are involved in arsenic biotransformation in soda lakes through its metabolic and detoxification processes. Significant variation in surface water arsenic speciation occurs as a result of seasonal primary production fluctuation or water arsenic concentration changes in the soda lakes, increasing organoarsenics in dry periods, whereas in flood periods, As(V) prevails. Spatial distribution of arsenic species is significantly impacted by biogeochemical conditions at the water/sediment interface in soda lakes.
Assuntos
Arsênio , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Arsênio/análise , Lagos/química , Estações do Ano , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Água/análise , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
In this study, an experiment under controlled conditions was carried out to determine the effects of secondary-treated sewage effluent (STSE) application on soil nitrogen concentrations (mineral and total), total carbon and soil pH. The soil and STSE used were collected at Lins, São Paulo State, Brazil. A completely randomized design was used, in completed factorial 4x11 (weekly application rates of 0, 100, 150 and 200 mL STSE per kg soil; and, eleven soil incubation periods from 0 to 10 weeks) with four replicates. The STSE was applied simulating common surface irrigation. Seven days after each incubation period, ammonium and nitrate contents were determined. Additionally, pH and total carbon and nitrogen contents were measured in the soil after 10 weeks. STSE application increased the nitrogen content (total and mineral - mainly as nitrate) and soil pH. For the total carbon content no differences were observed.
A colocação dos efluentes de esgotos no solo, apesar de ser uma prática comum em diversos países, como meio de proteger os cursos dágua e fornecer nutrientes aos agrossistemas, tem sido pouco estudada no Brasil. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar, em condições controladas, os efeitos da aplicação de efluente do tratamento secundário de esgoto nas concentrações de nitrogênio (mineral e total), carbono total e no pH do solo. O efluente e o solo foram oriundos de Lins (SP). Foi empregado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial completo 4x11 (aplicação semanal de 0, 100, 150 e 200 mL de efluente por kg de solo; e onze períodos de incubação do solo - 0 a 10 semanas), com quatro repetições. O efluente foi aplicado no solo simulando-se a irrigação por superfície. Sete dias após a última irrigação foram determinadas as concentrações de nitrogênio mineral e, para o solo incubado por 10 semanas, também foi determinado o pH e os teores totais de carbono e nitrogênio. O incremento da dose de efluente aumentou as concentrações de nitrogênio (total e mineral - principalmente nitrato) e o pH do solo, mas o teor de carbono total não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos.