RESUMO

Mitochondria are central players in cell metabolism, responsible for the vast majority of ATP production in most cells. Although originally thought to be passive organelles focused only in keeping cellular ATP at adequate levels, complex interplay between mitochondrial function and cell signaling has been largely recognized over the last decades. Not surprisingly, given their role, changes in nutritional status promoted by chronic interventions like caloric restriction or short-term situations like fasting in animals or nutrient deprivation in cultured cells are one of the main factors that can activate those signaling mechanisms. One particular way in which this mitochondria-cell crosstalk can occur is through mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, a process in which Ca2+ signals generated by the cell are able to translate into elevations in mitochondrial matrix [Ca2+] due to the presence of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter in the organelle. While the impact of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling on cellular function has been widely studied, the conditions which can modulate the process of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling itself are still not well characterized. In this work, we sought to test the effects of different interventions linked to nutritional status on mitochondrial Ca2+ handling. We found that caloric restriction, physiological fasting and modulations of mitochondrial dynamics resulted in modulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling through changes in their maximal Ca2+ retention capacity or Ca2+ uptake rates. These changes were, measured by following mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake using different strategies, employing the fluorescent Ca2+ probe Ca2+ Green 5N for experiments in isolated mitochondria and permeabilized cells and the cytosolic probe Fura2-AM in intact cells. Caloric restriction resulted in higher calcium uptake and retention in liver mitochondria, protecting against pathological conditions of Ca2+ overload during ischemia/reperfusion. On the other hand, overnight and short term fasting resulted in lower mitochondrial Ca2+ retention and oxidative phosphorylation capacity in the liver. Modulating mitochondrial morpholoy in C2C12 myoblasts showed that more fragmented mitochondria were less capable of taking up Ca2+, while more fusioned mitochondria showed the opposite phenotype. This modulation in Ca2+ handling through changes in mitochondrial morphology interfered with the process of Store-Operated Ca2+ entry in the cells, showing that these modulations can have impacts in physiological contexts as well. Overall, this work both establishes novel mechanisms of modulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling and demonstrates their relevance both in pathology and normal cellular physiology

Mitocôndrias possuem um papel central no metabolismo das células, sendo responsáveis pela maioria da produção de ATP na maioria dos tipos celulares. Embora originalmente se pensasse nas mitocôndrias como organelas estáticas, focadas somente em manter os níveis adequados de ATP na célula, a interação entre a função mitocondrial e a sinalização celular tem sido fortemente reconhecida nas ultimas décadas. Dado este papel, não é surpreendente que mudanças no estado nutricional, tanto crônicas como na restrição calórica quanto em situações como o jejum em animais e a privação de nutrientes em cultura de células foram demonstradas como sendo um dos principais fatores que podem ativar estes mecanismos de sinalização. Uma das formas em que esta interação entre a mitocôndria e a célula ocorre é através do manejo de Ca2+ mitocondrial, um processo em que sinais de Ca2+ gerados pela célula podem resultar em aumentos na [Ca2+] na matriz mitocondrial devido à presença do uniportador de Ca2+ mitocondrial na organelaEmbora o impacto do manejo de Ca2+ mitocondrial na função da célula tenha sido amplamente estudado, a regulação do processo de manejo de Ca2+ mitocondrial em si não é bem conhecida. Neste trabalho, nós nos propusemos a testar os efeitos de diferentes intervenções ligadas ao estado nutricional no manejo de Ca2+ mitocondrial e o possível impacto destas modulações nacapacidade de retenção e na taxa de captação de Ca2+ mitochondrial. As intervenções estudadas foram a restrição calórica, jejum e mudanças na dinâmica mitocondrial, e todas elas resultando em mudanças no manejo de Ca2+ mitocondrial, que foram medidos acompanhando a captação de Ca2+ em mitocôndrias isoladas ou células permeabilizadas utilizando a sonda Ca2+ Green 5N e em células intactas utilizando a sonda de Ca2+ citosólica Fura2-AM. Enquanto a restrição calórica resultou em uma maior capacidade de retenção de Ca2+ e em maiores taxas de captação, protegendo contra as condições patológicas de desregulação de Ca2+ observadas durante a isquemia/reperfusão, o jejum curto ou pela duração da noite resultou em uma diminuição na capacidade de retenção de Ca2+ e na oxidação fosforilativa mitocondriais. As mudanças observadas modulando a dinâmica mitocôndria (feitas utilizando-se mioblastos da linhagem C2C12) revelaram que mitocôndrias mais fragmentadas são menos capazes de captar Ca2+, enquanto mitocôndrias mais fusionadas possuem o fenótipo oposto. Essas mudanças no manejo de Ca2+ mitocondrial interferem com o processo de Store-Operated Ca2+ entry nestas células, demonstrando que essas modulações da captação de Ca2+ mitocondrial também podem ser relevantes em contextos fisiológicos. Em resumo, este trabalho ajudou a estabelecer novos mecanismos de modulação do manejo de Ca2+ mitocondrial que podem ser relevantes tanto em condições patológicas quanto na fisiologia normal das células

Assuntos

RESUMO

Caloric restriction (CR) protects against many cerebral pathological conditions that are associated with excitotoxic damage and calcium overload, although the mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we show that CR strongly protects against excitotoxic insults in vitro and in vivo in a manner associated with significant changes in mitochondrial function. CR increases electron transport chain activity, enhances antioxidant defenses, and favors mitochondrial calcium retention capacity in the brain. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in cyclophilin D activity and acetylation and an increase in Sirt3 expression. This suggests that Sirt3-mediated deacetylation and inhibition of cyclophilin D in CR promote the inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition, resulting in enhanced mitochondrial calcium retention. Altogether, our results indicate that enhanced mitochondrial calcium retention capacity underlies the beneficial effects of CR against excitotoxic conditions. This protection may explain the many beneficial effects of CR in the aging brain.

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Dengue is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral illness in humans. The overexpression of cytokines by Dengue virus (DENV) infected cells is associated with the most severe forms of the disease. Unmethylated CpG islands are related to a transcriptionally active structure, whereas methylated DNA recruits methyl-binding proteins that inhibit gene expression. Several studies have described the importance of epigenetic events in the regulation and expression of many cytokines. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the methylation status of the IFN-γ and TNF-α promoters in DNA extracted from dengue infected patients using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. A high frequency of demethylation was observed in the TNF-α promoter of DENV infected patients when compared to non-infected controls. The patients with an unmethylated profile showed higher expression of TNF-α mRNA than patients with the methylated status. No difference was found in the methylation frequency between the two analyzed groups regarding the IFN-γ promoter or in the expression of IFN-γ transcripts. The present study provides the first association of TNF-α promoter demethylation in DENV infected individuals and demonstrates a correlation between the methylation status of the region analyzed and the expression of TNF-α transcripts in DENV infected patients. J. Med. Virol. 88:1297-1302, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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