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AIM: To evaluate whether the Visian Implantable Collamer Lens with a central port (V4c ICL®; STAAR Surgical, Switzerland) affects the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), macula and optic nerve head (ONH) measurements obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and Heidelberg Retina Tomography (HRT). METHODS: This prospective study included myopic patients undergoing V4c ICL® implantation. RNFL thickness, macular thickness, ganglion cell analysis (GCA) and ONH main parameters were evaluated with RTVue OCT (Optovue Inc., USA) and Cirrus-HD OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, USA). ONH variables were also analysed with HRT-3 (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany). All measurements were performed before and 1 week and 12 months after the surgery. RESULTS: 31 eyes of 31 patients (mean age 30.1 ± 5.5 years) were included. Comparing with preoperative values, no significant differences in average RNFL thickness were found with RTVue, while a slight increase (4.3â µm) was detected with Cirrus-HD (85.2 ± 10.3â µm, preoperatively) at 1-week postoperatively (89.5 ± 8.3â µm; p < 0.05). Those changes were not observed at the last follow-up visit (86.6 ± 8.6â µm; p = 0.41). Cirrus-HD detected that macular thickness was slightly higher 1 week after surgery, compared with the preoperative examination (3.4% increase; p = 0.04). That difference remained stable at the 12-month postoperative visit (p = 0.01). GCA showed no changes. The ONH analysis with Cirrus-HD determined that rim area (p = 0.03) as well as disc area (p = 0.04) significantly increased. HRT-3 found no significant changes affecting those variables. CONCLUSIONS: The implantation of V4c ICL® did not induce a clinically significant impact on the results of the RNFL/ONH analysis with OCT and HRT.
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Lentes Intraoculares , Células Ganglionares da Retina , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Estudos Prospectivos , Retina , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Fibras Nervosas , Pressão IntraocularRESUMO
The cornea is a densely innervated avascular tissue showing exceptional inflammatory and immune responses. The cornea is a site of lymphangiogenic and angiogenic privilege devoid of blood and lymphatic vessels that limits the entry of inflammatory cells from the adjacent and highly immunoreactive conjunctiva. Immunological and anatomical differences between the central and peripheral cornea are also necessary to sustain passive immune privilege. The lower density of antigen-presenting cells in the central cornea and the 5:1 peripheral-to-central corneal ratio of C1 are two main features conferring passive immune privilege. C1 activates the complement system by antigen-antibody complexes more effectively in the peripheral cornea and, thus, protects the central corneas' transparency from immune-driven and inflammatory reactions. Wessely rings, also known as corneal immune rings, are noninfectious ring-shaped stromal infiltrates usually formed in the peripheral cornea. They result from a hypersensitivity reaction to foreign antigens, including those of microorganism origin. Thus, they are thought to be composed of inflammatory cells and antigen-antibody complexes. Corneal immune rings have been associated with various infectious and noninfectious causes, including foreign bodies, contact lens wear, refractive procedures, and drugs. We describe the anatomical and immunologic basis underlying Wessely ring formation, its causes, clinical presentation, and management.
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Doenças da Córnea , Vasos Linfáticos , Humanos , Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo , Córnea , Linfangiogênese/fisiologiaRESUMO
Neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) is a degenerative corneal disease produced by different factors, including infection, trauma, and neurogenesis, that lead to trigeminal nerve damage and impaired corneal sensitivity. Extensive epithelial breakdown, impaired corneal epithelial healing and corneal ulceration, stromal melting, and perforation are main NK features. The proliferation of the corneal epithelium is endogenously regulated by a balance between adrenergic cAMP-dependent and cholinergic cGMP-dependent pathways. A careful balance of epitheliotropic neuromediators and neurotrophic factors expressed by corneal nerves and epithelial cells, respectively, is required to maintain corneal homeostasis. Even in its early stages, NK can cause reduced vision secondary to epithelial disturbance. Diagnosing NK is challenging, requiring the acquisition of a thorough clinical history and a comprehensive neurological and ophthalmic examination. Following suspicion of a clinical NK diagnosis, corneal sensitivity must be assessed qualitatively with the wisp of the cotton-tipped applicator and quantitatively through Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry (CBE). A myriad of therapies is used for NK, and new, more specific modalities are being developed and investigated. Medical treatment with topical recombinant human nerve growth factor and surgical treatment through corneal neurotization are promising therapies aiming to target NK pathophysiology. Coexistent ocular surface disorders must be managed concomitantly to improve its prognosis. This review describes the up-to-date knowledge of the molecular basis regarding the pathogenesis of NK, and the novel target-specific therapeutic approaches based on this molecular mechanism.
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Doenças da Córnea , Distrofias Hereditárias da Córnea , Epitélio Corneano , Ceratite , Doenças do Nervo Trigêmeo , Córnea , Doenças da Córnea/diagnóstico , Doenças da Córnea/terapia , HumanosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the endothelial cell loss in patients with iris-claw phakic lenses (Artisan®) in a long-term follow-up. METHODS: We analyzed the medical records of patients who had undergone iris-claw phakic lens implantation and who had at least 5 years of follow-up. RESULTS: We included 67 eyes with myopic errors (follow-up 9.6 ± 3.0 years) and 10 eyes with mixed astigmatism or hyperopic errors (follow-up 8.8 ± 2.5 years). The mean total endothelial density loss at the last follow-up visit was 18.5% ± 17.0% and 10.5% ± 12.3%, respectively. 29.9% of the eyes in the myopic group and 20% in the hyperopic group lost more than 25% of the preoperative endothelial cell density. During the postoperative follow-up period, 60.8% of the eyes in the myopic group and 40% of the eyes in the hyperopic group lost a higher percentage than the expected physiological loss. Two eyes in the myopic group (3.0%) had a final cell density of less than 1200 cells/mm2. None of the variables studied had a statistically significant association with the percentage of annual endothelial loss in the postoperative period. Three phakic lenses were explanted: two by cataract and one by cataract and severe decrease of the endothelial density (862 cells/mm2). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant endothelial cell loss in a low percentage of the eyes with Artisan® lenses in the long term, and it can decrease to critical levels. Periodic endothelial density evaluations are required for these patients. The selection criteria of surgical candidates could be reevaluated.
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Perda de Células Endoteliais da Córnea/etiologia , Endotélio Corneano/patologia , Iris/cirurgia , Implante de Lente Intraocular/efeitos adversos , Miopia/cirurgia , Lentes Intraoculares Fácicas/efeitos adversos , Refração Ocular/fisiologia , Adulto , Contagem de Células , Perda de Células Endoteliais da Córnea/diagnóstico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Miopia/fisiopatologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Desenho de Prótese , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Acuidade Visual , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: To evaluate corneal parameters measured with a dual Scheimpflug analyzer in keratoconus patients implanted with intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS). METHODS: Fifty eyes of 40 keratoconus patients had Ferrara ICRS implantation from November 2010 to April 2014. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refraction, keratometry, asphericity, elevation, pachymetry, root mean square (RMS), spherical aberration and coma were studied. All patients were evaluated using a dual Scheimpflug system. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time after the procedure was 12.7mo. The mean UCVA improved from 0.82 to 0.31 (P<0.001); the mean BCVA improved from 0.42 to 0.05 (P<0.0001), the mean spherical refraction changed from -3.06±3.80 D to -0.80±2.5 D (P<0.0001) and the mean refraction astigmatism reduced from -4.51±2.08 D to -2.26±1.18 D (P<0.0001). The changes from preoperative to postoperative, in parameters of the anterior and posterior surface of the cornea, were statistically significant except the elevation posterior at the apex of the cornea and posterior asphericity. CONCLUSION: The implantation of Ferrara ICRS induces changes in both anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea.
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Myopia is a multifactorial visual refraction disease, in which the light rays from distant objects are focused in front of retina, causing blurry vision. Myopic eyes are characterized by an increased corneal curvature and/or ocular axial length. The prevalence of myopia has increased in recent decades, a trend that cannot be attributed exclusively to genetic factors. Low and middle income countries have a higher burden of refractive error, which we propose could be a consequence of a shorter exposure time to a westernized lifestyle, a phenomenon that may also explain the rapid increase in cardiometabolic diseases, such as diabetes, among those populations. We suggest that interactions between genetic, epigenetic and a rapidly changing environment are also involved in myopia onset and progression. Furthermore, we discuss several possible mechanisms by which insulin resistance may promote abnormal ocular growth and myopia to support the hypothesis that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are involved in its pathogenesis, providing a link between trends in myopia and those of cardiometabolic diseases. There is evidence that insulin have direct ocular growth promoting effects as well an indirect effect via the induction of insulin-like growth factors leading to decreases insulin-like growth factor-binding protein, also implicated in ocular growth.
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Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Miopia/etiologia , Animais , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Complicações do Diabetes/fisiopatologia , Dieta Ocidental/efeitos adversos , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Saúde Global , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/complicações , Hiperglicemia/fisiopatologia , Hiperinsulinismo/complicações , Hiperinsulinismo/fisiopatologia , Proteínas de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante a Insulina/fisiologia , Estilo de Vida , Modelos Biológicos , Miopia/induzido quimicamente , Miopia/epidemiologia , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Mudança Social , Somatomedinas/fisiologia , Somatomedinas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Atropine has been used for more than a century to arrest myopia progression. Compelling evidence of its protective effect has been reported in well-designed clinical studies, mainly performed during the last two decades. However, its exact mechanism of action has not been determined. Experimental findings have shown that the mechanism is not related to accommodation, as was thought for decades. A review of the published literature revealed a significant amount of evidence supporting its safety and efficacy at a concentration of 1.0%, and at lower concentrations (as low as 0.01%).
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Objetivo: Describir el caso clínico de una paciente con Síndrome de Sjögren asociado a Neuritis periférica, pupila tónica de Adie y fenómeno de Raynaud. Diseño del estudio: Reporte de caso. Metodología: Reportamos el caso clínico de una paciente con Síndrome de Sjögren y sus asociaciones poco frecuente, que consulto a la clínica Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández Vega, Oviedo España. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la historia clínica, del paciente y sus paraclínicos. Resultados: Paciente femenino con antecedentes de Síndrome de Sjögren acude por presentar cervicalgia y neuralgias, además de sensación de ojo seco y disconfort ocular de predominio en OI. En el examen se evidenció agudeza visual mejor corregida (AVMC) 20/20, fenómeno de Raynaud, pupila tónica de Adie en OI (Test de pilocarpina positiva), Test de Schirmer 6 mm en ambos ojos (AO), estesiometría y Lancaster normal AO. Se manejó con corticoides e inmunomoduladores tópicos sin mejoría. La analítica sanguínea para estudios de causas infecciosas e inmunologicas resultópositiva para ANA. Se diagnosticó síndrome de Sjögren asociado a neuropatía periférica. Se inicia tratamiento a metotrexato sistémico con mejoría notoria de síntomas. Test de Schirmer control 16 mm OD y 20 mm OI. Conclusión: Las neuropatías periféricas son posibles manifestaciones del síndrome de Sjögren primario, y se podrían presentar con más frecuencia cuando se asocian a los anticuerpos y fenómeno de Raynaud. Por su parte las neuropatías periféricas podrían ser la primera manifestación en el síndrome de Sjögren en alrededor del 50% de los pacientes.
Objective: To report the clinical case of a female patient with Sjögren syndrome associated with peripheral neuropathy, Adie tonic pupil and Raynaud phenomenon. Study design: Case report. Methods: We performed a descriptive case report with detailed review of the medical record of a female patient with Sjögren syndrome and its associations. The patient was treated at Fernandez Vega Eye Institute, Oviedo-Spain. Her medical records was reviewed and analyzed. Ancillary tests were taken. Results: Female patient with a previous history of Sjögren's syndrome complained about neck pain, neuralgia, dry eye and ocular discomfort predominantly in OS. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20. Raynaud's phenomenon was positive. Slit lamp examination: Adie tonic pupil in OS. Schirmer Test 6 mm OU. We started corticosteroids and topical immunomodulators without improvement. Blood tests for infectious and immunological studies (ANA) were positive. After these results Sjögren syndrome associated with peripheral neuropathy was diagnosed and started methotrexate systemic treatment with improvement. Conclusion: Peripheral neuropathies are manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome. These manifestations can be present more often when are associated with antibodies (ANA) and Raynaud's phenomenon. On the other hand peripheral neuropathies may be the first manifestation in Sjögren's syndrome in about 50% of patients.
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Síndrome de Sjogren , Blefarite , Polineuropatia Paraneoplásica , Doença de Raynaud , Pupila TônicaRESUMO
A 40-year-old man presented to the emergency service of the Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Floridablanca, Colombia, with blurred vision in his right eye. Anamnesis revealed that he also had newly diagnosed stage C HIV. He had recently started highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Examination disclosed intraocular inflammation, along with plain white peripheral non-exudative lesions with sparse haemorrhaging. The differential diagnosis included cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and immune recovery uveitis (IRU). On follow-up, the patient's left eye presented with decreased visual acuity and increased vitreous haze. A vitrectomy with vitreous tap was performed for microbiological studies. PCR for CMV in the vitreous sample was negative. The patient was discharged with the final diagnosis of IRU. In HIV patients with uveitis, the knowledge of characteristic signs and symptoms of particular entities such as opportunistic infections and IRU will enable the clinician to give the appropriate treatment.
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Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/complicações , Retinite por Citomegalovirus/complicações , Síndrome Inflamatória da Reconstituição Imune/complicações , Uveíte/virologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/imunologia , Adulto , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Retinite por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Humanos , Síndrome Inflamatória da Reconstituição Imune/imunologia , Masculino , Uveíte/imunologiaRESUMO
A 59-year-old Hispanic woman presented with a 3-year history of floaters associated with bilateral reduced visual acuity. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40. Both anterior segments were without inflammation, but fundoscopy showed mild vitreous inflammation and multiple inflammatory choroidal lesions. Tests for inflammatory and infectious diseases were negative except for human leucocyte antigen A29. The patient was diagnosed with birdshot choroidoretinopathy, and treatment was initiated with cyclosporine A 2.5â mg/kg/day. One year after treatment, the patient reported systemic symptoms with no improvement in visual acuity. Fundus findings remained with vitreal inflammation. QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube Test was positive, and a diagnosis of presumed latent ocular tuberculosis (TB) was made. We initiated anti-TB treatment for 9â months. At 6â months of anti-TB therapy, there was no active inflammation. The patient was followed for 2â years with no medications and no active inflammation. Her final BCVA was 20/25.